Form 6-K
UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, DC 20549
FORM 6-K
Report of Foreign Private Issuer
Pursuant to Rule 13a-16 or 15d-16 Under
the Securities Exchange Act of 1934
For the month of February, 2009
(Commission file No. 1-14228)
Cameco Corporation
(Translation of registrants name into English)
2121-11th Street West
Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7M 1J3
(Address of Principal Executive Offices)
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant files or will file annual reports under cover Form
20-F or Form 40-F.
Form 20-F o Form 40-F þ
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is submitting the Form 6-K in paper as permitted by
Regulation S-T Rule 101(b)(1): o
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is submitting the Form 6-K in paper as permitted by
Regulation S-T Rule 101(b)(7): o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant by furnishing the information contained in this Form
is also thereby furnishing the information to the Commission pursuant to Rule 12g3-2(b) under the
Securities Exchange Act of 1934.
Yes o No þ
If Yes is marked, indicate below the file number assigned to the registrant in connection with
Rule 12g3-2(b):
Exhibit Index
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Exhibit No. |
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Description |
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99.1
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McArthur River Technical Report dated February 16, 2009 |
SIGNATURE
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused
this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.
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Date: February 18, 2009 |
Cameco Corporation
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By: |
/s/ O. Kim Goheen |
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O. Kim Goheen |
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Senior Vice-President and
Chief Financial Officer |
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Exhibit
99.1
McArthur River Operation
Northern Saskatchewan, Canada
National Instrument 43-101
Technical Report
Effective Date: December 31, 2008
Filed on February 16, 2009
Prepared for:
Cameco Corporation
Qualified Persons:
David Bronkhorst, P.Eng.
Charles R. Edwards, P.Eng.
Alain G. Mainville, P.Geo.
Gregory M. Murdock, P.Eng.
Leslie D. Yesnik, P.Eng.
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CAMECO CORPORATION
McARTHUR RIVER OPERATION, NORTHERN SASKATCHEWAN, CANADA
NI 43-101 TECHNICAL REPORT
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Table of Contents
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1 |
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SUMMARY |
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1 |
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1.1 |
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Property Tenure |
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1 |
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1.2 |
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Location and Site Description |
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2 |
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1.3 |
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Geology and Mineralization |
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3 |
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1.4 |
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Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves |
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4 |
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1.5 |
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Exploration of the McArthur River Deposit |
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7 |
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1.6 |
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Exploration of P2 Grid |
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8 |
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1.7 |
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Mining Methods |
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9 |
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1.8 |
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Mine Operations |
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10 |
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1.9 |
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Processing |
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11 |
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1.10 |
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Environmental Assessment and Licensing |
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12 |
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1.11 |
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Production Plan |
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15 |
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1.12 |
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Economic Analysis |
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16 |
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1.13 |
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Project Risks |
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17 |
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1.14 |
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Conclusions and Recommendations |
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20 |
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2 |
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INTRODUCTION |
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22 |
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2.1 |
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Introduction and Purpose |
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22 |
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2.2 |
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Report Basis |
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23 |
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3 |
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RELIANCE ON OTHER EXPERTS |
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24 |
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4 |
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PROPERTY DESCRIPTION AND LOCATION |
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25 |
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4.1 |
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Location |
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25 |
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4.2 |
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Mineral Tenure |
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27 |
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4.3 |
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Surface Tenure |
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30 |
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4.4 |
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Mine and Infrastructure |
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32 |
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4.5 |
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Royalties |
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32 |
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4.6 |
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Known Environmental Liabilities |
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32 |
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4.7 |
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Permitting |
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34 |
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5 |
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ACCESSIBILITY, CLIMATE, LOCAL RESOURCES, INFRASTRUCTURE AND PHYSIOGRAPHY |
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35 |
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5.1 |
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Access |
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35 |
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5.2 |
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Climate |
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36 |
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5.3 |
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Physiography |
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37 |
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5.4 |
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Local Resources and Proximity to Population Centre |
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37 |
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5.5 |
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Infrastructure |
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38 |
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6 |
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HISTORY |
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40 |
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6.1 |
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Ownership |
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40 |
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6.2 |
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Exploration and Development History |
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41 |
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6.2.1 General |
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41 |
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6.2.2 P2 Grid Exploration History |
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42 |
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6.3 |
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Historical Mineral Resource and
Mineral Reserve Estimates |
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45 |
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6.3.1 Historical Estimates 1991 - 2000 |
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45 |
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6.4 |
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Historical Production |
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49 |
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7 |
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GEOLOGICAL SETTING |
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50 |
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7.1 |
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Regional Geology |
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50 |
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February 16, 2009
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Table of Contents i |
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CAMECO CORPORATION
McARTHUR RIVER OPERATION, NORTHERN SASKATCHEWAN, CANADA
NI 43-101 TECHNICAL REPORT
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7.2 |
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Local Geology |
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52 |
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7.2.1 General |
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52 |
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7.3 |
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Structure |
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55 |
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7.3.1 Alteration |
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58 |
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7.4 |
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Property Geology |
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59 |
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8 |
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DEPOSIT TYPES |
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61 |
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9 |
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MINERALIZATION |
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63 |
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10 |
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EXPLORATION |
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64 |
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10.1 |
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Asamera 1976 1979 |
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64 |
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10.2 |
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SMDC / Cameco 1980 1993 |
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64 |
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10.3 |
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Recent Exploration 2000 Present |
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64 |
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11 |
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DRILLING |
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68 |
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11.1 |
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Surface Drilling |
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68 |
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11.2 |
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Underground Drilling |
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70 |
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11.3 |
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Core Logging Underground Diamond Drilling |
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73 |
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11.4 |
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Core Logging Exploration Surface Drilling |
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74 |
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11.5 |
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Cementing of Surface Diamond Drill Holes |
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75 |
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12 |
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SAMPLING METHOD AND APPROACH |
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76 |
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12.1 |
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Sample Density and Sampling Methods |
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76 |
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12.2 |
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Core Recovery |
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77 |
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12.3 |
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Sample Quality and Representativeness |
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78 |
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12.4 |
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Sample Composites with Values and
Estimated True Widths |
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78 |
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13 |
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SAMPLE PREPARATION, ANALYSES AND SECURITY |
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81 |
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13.1 |
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Sample Preparation by Cameco Employees |
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81 |
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13.2 |
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Sample Preparation |
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81 |
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13.2.1 Introduction |
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81 |
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13.2.2 Sample Receiving |
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82 |
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13.2.3 Sample Sorting |
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82 |
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13.2.4 Sample Preparation |
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82 |
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13.2.5 Summary of Licenses, Certifications and Registrations |
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83 |
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13.3 |
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Assaying |
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84 |
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13.4 |
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Radiometric Surveying and Assaying |
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84 |
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13.5 |
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Density Determinations |
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85 |
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13.6 |
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Quality Assurance/Quality Control (QA/QC) |
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86 |
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13.6.1 Exploration Surface Drilling |
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86 |
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13.6.2 Underground Drilling |
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88 |
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13.7 |
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Sample Security |
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89 |
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13.8 |
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Adequacy of Sample Preparation,
Assaying, QA/QC, and Security |
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89 |
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14 |
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DATA VERIFICATION |
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90 |
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15 |
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ADJACENT PROPERTIES |
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91 |
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16 |
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MINERAL PROCESSING AND METALLURGICAL TESTING |
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92 |
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16.1 |
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Overview |
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92 |
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16.2 |
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Processing at McArthur River |
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94 |
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16.2.1 Metallurgical Testwork |
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94 |
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16.2.2 Current McArthur River Flowsheet |
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96 |
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16.3 |
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Processing at Key Lake |
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96 |
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16.3.1 Metallurgical Testwork |
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97 |
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February 16, 2009
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Table of Contents ii |
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CAMECO CORPORATION
McARTHUR RIVER OPERATION, NORTHERN SASKATCHEWAN, CANADA
NI 43-101 TECHNICAL REPORT
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16.3.2 Current Key Lake Process |
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98 |
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16.4 |
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Revitalization at Key Lake |
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100 |
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16.4.1 Metallurgical Testwork |
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101 |
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16.4.2 Modifications at Key Lake for Revitalization |
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102 |
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17 |
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MINERAL RESOURCE AND MINERAL RESERVE ESTIMATES |
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102 |
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17.1 |
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Definitions |
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103 |
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17.2 |
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Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves |
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104 |
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17.2.1 Key Assumptions |
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104 |
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17.2.2 Key Parameters |
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105 |
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17.2.3 Key Methods |
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105 |
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17.2.4 Cut-off Grade |
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108 |
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17.2.5 Mineral Resource and Mineral Reserve Classifications |
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108 |
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17.2.6 Mineral Resource and Mineral Reserve Estimates |
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109 |
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17.3 |
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Discussion on Factors Potentially Affecting Materiality of Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves |
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112 |
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18 |
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ADDITIONAL REQUIREMENTS FOR TECHNICAL REPORTS ON DEVELOPMENT PROPERTIES AND PRODUCTION PROPERTIES |
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113 |
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18.1 |
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Mining |
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113 |
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18.1.1 Geotechnical Characteristics of the Deposit |
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113 |
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18.1.2 Hydrogeology and Mine Dewatering |
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117 |
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18.1.3 Mining Methods |
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118 |
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18.1.4 Mine Operations |
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129 |
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18.2 |
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Recoverability |
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137 |
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18.3 |
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Markets |
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138 |
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18.3.1 Worldwide Uranium Supply and Demand |
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138 |
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18.3.2 Uranium Markets and Prices |
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142 |
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18.4 |
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Contracts |
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145 |
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18.4.1 Labour Relations |
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145 |
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18.4.2 Operational Support |
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145 |
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18.4.3 Toll Milling Contracts |
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145 |
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18.4.4 Uranium Sales Contracts |
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146 |
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18.5 |
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Environmental Considerations |
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148 |
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18.5.1 Regulatory Framework |
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148 |
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18.5.2 Environmental Assessment History |
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149 |
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18.5.3 Significant Environmental Issues |
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151 |
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18.5.4 Corporate Environmental Commitment |
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155 |
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18.5.5 Decommissioning and Reclamation |
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155 |
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18.5.6 Known Environmental Liabilities |
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156 |
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18.6 |
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Taxes and Royalties |
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159 |
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18.6.1 Taxes |
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159 |
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18.6.2 Royalties |
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159 |
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18.7 |
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Capital and Operating Cost Estimates |
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162 |
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18.7.1 Operating Cost Estimates |
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162 |
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18.7.2 Capital Cost Estimates |
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162 |
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18.7.3 Economic Analysis |
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166 |
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18.7.4 Payback |
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169 |
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18.7.5 Mine Life |
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169 |
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19 |
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OTHER RELEVANT DATA AND INFORMATION |
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170 |
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19.1 |
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McArthur River Water Inflow Incidents Investigations |
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170 |
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19.1.1 2003 Water Inflow |
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170 |
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February 16, 2009
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Table of Contents iii |
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CAMECO CORPORATION
McARTHUR RIVER OPERATION, NORTHERN SASKATCHEWAN, CANADA
NI 43-101 TECHNICAL REPORT
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19.1.2 2008 Water Inflow |
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171 |
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19.1.3 Mine Flooding Mitigation |
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171 |
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19.2 |
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Rock Falls |
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174 |
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19.3 |
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Worker Exposure to Radiation |
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175 |
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19.4 |
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Mine Fires |
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175 |
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19.5 |
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Worker Exposure to Mine Gases and Diesel Particulates |
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176 |
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19.6 |
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Mine Productivity of Boxhole Boring Mining Method |
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177 |
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19.7 |
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Deilmann Tailings Management Facility |
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177 |
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19.8 |
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Tailings Capacity |
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179 |
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19.9 |
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Aboriginal Title and Consultation Issues |
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180 |
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19.10 |
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Project Risks |
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182 |
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19.10.1 Technical Risks |
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182 |
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19.10.2 Regulatory Approval and Expediency |
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185 |
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19.10.3 Environmental Regulations |
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186 |
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20 |
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INTERPRETATION AND CONCLUSIONS |
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189 |
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21 |
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RECOMMENDATIONS |
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191 |
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22 |
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REFERENCES |
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193 |
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23 |
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DATE AND SIGNATURE PAGE |
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196 |
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Tables
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Table 1-1: Summary of Mineral Resources December 31, 2008
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5 |
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Table 1-2: Summary of Mineral Reserves December 31, 2008
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6 |
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Table 4-1 McArthur River Operation Disposition Status
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28 |
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Table 6-1: Historical Resource Estimate Cameco, October 1991
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46 |
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Table 6-2: Historical Resource & Reserve Estimates Cameco, November 1995
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46 |
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Table 6-3: Historical Resource & Reserve Estimates Cameco, December 1998
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46 |
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Table 6-4: Historical Resource & Reserve Estimates Cameco, December 2000
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48 |
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Table 6-5 McArthur River Historical U3O8 Mine Production
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49 |
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Table 10-1: Summary of Surface Exploration at McArthur River 2000 2008
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66 |
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Table 11-1: Summary of Surface Drilling by Year
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70 |
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Table 13-1: Materials Analyzed Within a Typical Assay Group
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87 |
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Table 17-1: Production Reconciliation with Reserves
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107 |
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Table 17-2: Summary of Mineral Resources December 31, 2008
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109 |
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Table 17-3: Summary of Mineral Reserves December 31, 2008
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110 |
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Table 17-4: Mineral Reserves and Resources by Zones December 31, 2008
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111 |
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Table 18-1: Underground Development Risk Classification
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116 |
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Table 18-2: Action Required for Risk Classification
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117 |
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Table 18-3 Planned Yearly Mine Development Summary
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132 |
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Table 18-4 Production Forecast Summary based on Estimated Mineral Reserves
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136 |
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February 16, 2009
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Table of Contents iv |
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CAMECO CORPORATION
McARTHUR RIVER OPERATION, NORTHERN SASKATCHEWAN, CANADA
NI 43-101 TECHNICAL REPORT
|
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Table 18-5 Projected Average U3O8 Sales Prices
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147 |
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Table 18-6 Expected Royalties to be Incurred by Cameco for McArthur River
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161 |
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Table 18-7 Estimated Capital Costs for 2009 MRJV basis
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163 |
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Table 18-8 Total Estimated Capital Costs by Year to the MRJV Based on
estimated Mineral Reserves only
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164 |
|
Table 18-9 Operating Cost Forecast by Year to the MRJV Based on
estimated Mineral Reserves only
|
|
|
165 |
|
Table 18-10 Economic Analysis Camecos Share Based on estimated
Mineral Reserves only
|
|
|
167 |
|
|
|
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|
February 16, 2009
|
|
Table of Contents v |
|
|
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CAMECO CORPORATION
McARTHUR RIVER OPERATION, NORTHERN SASKATCHEWAN, CANADA
NI 43-101 TECHNICAL REPORT
|
|
|
|
|
Figures |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Figure 1 McArthur River Operation Location
|
|
|
26 |
Figure 2 Mineral Lease and Claims Map
|
|
|
29 |
Figure 3 Map of Mine Facilities and Surface Lease
|
|
|
31 |
Figure 4 McArthur River Site Regional Location and Roads
|
|
|
36 |
Figure 5 P2 Grid Map
|
|
|
44 |
Figure 6 McArthur River Property, Regional Geology
|
|
|
51 |
Figure 7 McArthur River Deposit Schematic Cross-Section
|
|
|
54 |
Figure 8 Underground Development and Mineralized Zones from Drilling
|
|
|
56 |
Figure 9 Plan View of Zone 2
|
|
|
57 |
Figure 10 Typical Zone 2 Geological Section Looking North
|
|
|
60 |
Figure 11 Map of Surface Drilling
|
|
|
67 |
Figure 12 Surface Drill Collar Location Map
|
|
|
69 |
Figure 13 Map of Underground Drilling
|
|
|
72 |
Figure 14 Typical Underground Drill Hole Spacing Section Looking North
|
|
|
80 |
Figure 15 Schematic of Sample Preparation Procedures
|
|
|
83 |
Figure 16 Density Summary
|
|
|
86 |
Figure 17 McArthur River Ore Processing Activities Block Flow Sheet
|
|
|
93 |
Figure 18 Typical Geotechnical Model Section Looking North
|
|
|
115 |
Figure 19 Freeze Hole Drilling
|
|
|
120 |
Figure 20 Raisebore Mining Schematic
|
|
|
123 |
Figure 21 Plan of Raisebore Chamber
|
|
|
124 |
Figure 22 Plan of Extraction Drift
|
|
|
124 |
Figure 23 Plan View, Zone 2 Raisebore Locations
|
|
|
125 |
Figure 24 Boxhole Boring Mining Schematic
|
|
|
127 |
Figure 25 Blasthole Stoping Mining Schematic
|
|
|
129 |
Figure 26 Mine Layout
|
|
|
133 |
Figure 27 Life of Mine Production Summary Mineral Reserves only
|
|
|
137 |
Figure 28 World Uranium Production and Consumption 2006-2008
|
|
|
138 |
Figure 29 2008 World Uranium Production by Country
|
|
|
141 |
Figure 30 Spot and Long Term Uranium Contract Volumes 2006-2008
|
|
|
144 |
Figure 31 McArthur River Mine Sensitivity Analysis
|
|
|
168 |
|
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February 16, 2009 |
|
Table of Contents vi |
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CAMECO CORPORATION
McARTHUR RIVER OPERATION, NORTHERN SASKATCHEWAN, CANADA
NI 43-101 TECHNICAL REPORT
|
|
|
|
Units of Measure and abreviations |
|
|
|
|
a
|
|
Annum (year) |
BTU
|
|
British Thermal Unit |
BTU/h
|
|
British Thermal Units per hour |
%
|
|
Percent |
°
|
|
Degrees |
°C
|
|
Degrees Celsius |
cm
|
|
Centimetres |
CNSC
|
|
Canadian Nuclear safety Commission |
cps
|
|
Counts per Second |
d
|
|
Day |
g
|
|
Grams |
g/cm3
|
|
Grams per cubic centimetre |
g/m3
|
|
Grams per cubic metre |
GHM
|
|
Ground Hazards Model |
h
|
|
Hour(s) |
ha
|
|
Hectares (10,000 square metres) |
HP
|
|
Horsepower |
Hwy
|
|
Highway |
IRR
|
|
Internal rate of return |
K
|
|
Thousand |
kg
|
|
Kilograms |
km
|
|
Kilometres |
km/h
|
|
Kilometres per hour |
km2
|
|
Square kilometres |
kV
|
|
Kilovolts |
kW
|
|
Kilowatts |
l
|
|
Litre |
Lbs
|
|
Pounds |
M
|
|
Million |
Mt
|
|
Million tonnes |
m
|
|
Metres |
m2/t/d
|
|
Square metres per tonne per day (thickening) |
m3
|
|
Cubic metres |
m3/h
|
|
Cubic metres per hour |
m%U
|
|
metres times per cent uranium |
m%U3O8
|
|
metres times per cent uranium oxide |
masl
|
|
Metres above sea level (elevation) |
mm
|
|
Millimetres |
Mo
|
|
Molybdenium |
MPa
|
|
Megapascal |
Mt/a
|
|
Million dry tonnes per year |
MW
|
|
Megawatts |
N
|
|
Newton |
NPV
|
|
Net present value |
Pa
|
|
Pascal (Newtons per square metre) |
ppm
|
|
Parts per million |
P80
|
|
80% passing (particle size nomenclature) |
RMR
|
|
Rock Mass Rating |
Se
|
|
Selenium |
st
|
|
Short tons |
SX
|
|
Solvent extraction |
t
|
|
Tonnes (metric) |
t/h
|
|
Tonnes per hour |
t/d
|
|
Tonnes per day |
t/a
|
|
Tonnes per year |
|
|
|
|
February 16, 2009
|
|
Table of Contents vii |
|
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CAMECO CORPORATION
McARTHUR RIVER OPERATION, NORTHERN SASKATCHEWAN, CANADA
NI 43-101 TECHNICAL REPORT
|
|
|
|
U
|
|
Uranium |
%U
|
|
Percent uranium (%U x 1.179 = % U3O8) |
U3O8
|
|
Triuranium octoxide (yellowcake) |
%U3O8
|
|
Percent triuranium octoxide (%U3O8 x 0.848 = %U) |
Cdn
|
|
$Canadian Dollars |
Cdn$M
|
|
Million Canadian Dollars |
US
|
|
$US dollars |
US$M
|
|
Million US dollars |
$/t
|
|
Canadian dollars per tonne |
US$/lb
|
|
US dollars per pound |
US$/t
|
|
US dollars per tonne |
W/W%
|
|
per cent solids by weight |
>
|
|
Greater than |
<
|
|
Less than |
|
|
|
|
February 16, 2009
|
|
Table of Contents viii |
|
|
|
|
|
CAMECO CORPORATION
McARTHUR RIVER OPERATION, NORTHERN SASKATCHEWAN, CANADA
NI 43-101 TECHNICAL REPORT
|
McArthur River in northern Saskatchewan is an underground uranium mine, in which Cameco
Corporation (Cameco) has a direct and indirect ownership interest of 69.805%. It contains
the worlds largest known high-grade uranium deposit and has produced 150 million pounds of
U3O8 since the start of production in 1999. McArthur River is owned by
joint venture partners Cameco (55.844%), AREVA Resources Canada Inc. (AREVA) (16.234%) and
UEM Inc. (27.922%), a company equally owned by Cameco and AREVA. Cameco is the operator.
At December 31, 2008, the Companys share of estimated Proven and Probable Reserves was
509,000 tonnes of ore containing 232.2 million pounds U3O8 with an
average grade of 20.7% U3O8, its share of estimated Measured and
Indicated Resources was 173,700 tonnes containing 34.7 million pounds
U3O8 with an average grade of 9.1% U3O
8, and its
share of estimated Inferred Resources was 448,600 tonnes containing 97.0 million pounds
U3O8 at an average grade of 9.8% U3O
8. A
breakdown of the Mineral Reserve and Mineral Resource estimates is set out in Table 1-1 and
Table 1-2.
Annual production rate from McArthur River is forecast at 18.7 million pounds until 2016,
and declines thereafter until 2033. Cameco estimates that, based upon the current Mineral
Reserves only, McArthur River will have a mine life of at least 25 years, with an expected
payback of capital invested by 2010, on an undiscounted pre-tax basis. Mineral resources are
not included in the Life of Mine plan, however, any Mineral Resources that are upgraded to
Mineral Reserves in the future would be used to both extend the years the mine produces at
18.7 million pounds and potentially extend mine life.
This technical report has been prepared for Cameco by, or under the supervision of, internal
qualified persons and an external qualified person in support of disclosure of scientific
and technical information relating to the McArthur River operation.
The mineral property consists of one mineral lease, totalling 1,380 hectares, and 21 mineral
claims totalling 83,438 hectares. The mineral lease and mineral claims are contiguous. The
McArthur River uranium deposit is located in the area subject to mineral lease ML-5516. The
right to mine this uranium deposit was acquired by Cameco under this mineral lease. The
current mineral lease expires in March 2014 with a right to renew for successive 10 year
terms absent a default by Cameco. Title to the 21 mineral claims is secured until 2017 as a
result of previous assessment work completed by Cameco.
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February 16, 2009
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Page 1 of 207 |
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CAMECO CORPORATION
McARTHUR RIVER OPERATION, NORTHERN SASKATCHEWAN, CANADA
NI 43-101 TECHNICAL REPORT
|
The surface facilities and mine shafts for the McArthur River operation are located on lands
owned by the province of Saskatchewan. Cameco acquired the right to use and occupy the
lands under a surface lease agreement with the province. The most recent surface lease
agreement was signed in April 1999 and has a term of 33 years. Upon termination or expiry
of the surface lease, a new surface lease can be entered into until full property
decommissioning and reclamation has been achieved. The McArthur River surface lease
presently covers approximately 651 hectares.
|
1.2 |
|
Location and Site Description |
The McArthur River minesite is located near Toby Lake in northern Saskatchewan,
approximately 620 km north of Saskatoon. The McArthur River mine site is compact, occupying
approximately an area of one kilometre in the north/south direction and half a kilometre in
the east/west direction. The site consists of an underground mine, one full service shaft
and two ventilation shafts along with numerous surface facilities, including inert waste
rock stockpiles, a large capacity mine water treatment plant, a pump hose, ponds, standby
diesel generators as well as maintenance and warehousing facilities.
The means of access to the McArthur River property is by an all-weather road and by air. All
supplies to the site and shipment of product are transported by truck year round. An 80 km
all weather gravel road runs between the mine site and the Key Lake milling operation.
The topography and the environment are typical of the taiga forested lands common to the
Athabasca basin area of northern Saskatchewan. The surface facilities are at an elevation of
approximately 550 masl.
The site is connected to the provincial electricity grid with standby generators installed
in case of grid power interruption.
Personnel are flown to site from the northern area communities and major Saskatchewan
population centres such as Saskatoon. Underground development and construction is performed
by a number of contractors. Cameco personnel conduct all production functions.
McArthur River is a developed producing property, with surface right holdings that cover all
of its mining operation needs as well as requirements for residences, access to water,
airport, site roads and other necessary buildings and infrastructures. No tailings
management facilities are required as McArthur River ore is sent to the Key Lake mill for
processing.
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February 16, 2009
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Page 2 of 207 |
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CAMECO CORPORATION
McARTHUR RIVER OPERATION, NORTHERN SASKATCHEWAN, CANADA
NI 43-101 TECHNICAL REPORT
|
|
1.3 |
|
Geology and Mineralization |
The McArthur River deposit is located in the south-eastern portion of the Athabasca Basin,
within the south-west part of the Churchill structural province of the Canadian Shield. The
crystalline basement rocks underlying the deposit are members of the Aphebian Wollaston
Domain, metasedimentary sequence. These rocks are overlain by flat lying sandstones and
conglomerates of the Helikian Athabasca Group. These sediments are over 500 m thick in the
deposit area.
High grade uranium mineralization has been delineated from surface drilling over a strike
length of 1,700 m, occurring at depths ranging between 500 m to 640m below surface.
Underground drilling programs have covered approximately 750 m of the 1,700 m strike length
delineated from surface. Ore widths are variable along strike but the most consistent, high
grade mineralization occurs proximal to the main graphitic thrust fault around the nose of
the upthrust basement rock. Less consistent and generally lower grade mineralization occurs
down dip along this fault contact between basement rock and sandstone.
Four distinct mineralized zones, identified as Zones 1, 2, 3 and 4, have been defined to
date. Two additional Zones, A and B, are on the northern portion of the deposit and are
indicated through surface drill holes only.
The P2 thrust fault is the most important mineralization control for the McArthur River
deposit. Uranium occurs in both the Athabasca sandstone and the overlying basement rock near
the main zone of thrust faulting. Mineralization is generally within 15 m of the
basement/sandstone contact with the exception of Zone 2. Less significant zones of
mineralization may occur further from the contact, usually in the sandstone, associated with
subsidiary fracture/fault zones or along the margins of flat lying siltstone beds.
Zone 2 mineralization occurs deeper in the basement rocks in a unique area of the deposit.
Here a footwall quartzite unit lies in close proximity to the main zone of thrust faulting.
In this area of structural disruption, high-grade mineralization occurs not only in
the hanging wall basement wedge but also overlies the footwall quartzite unit. The strike
extent of this deeper basement mineralization is approximately 100 m.
In general, the high-grade mineralization, characterized by botryoidal uraninite masses and
subhedral uraninite aggregates, constitutes the earliest phase of mineralization in the
deposit. Pyrite, chalcopyrite, and galena were also deposited during this initial
mineralizing event. Later stage, remobilized uraninite occurs as disseminations, veinlets,
and fracture coatings within chlorite breccia zones and along the margins of silt beds in
the Athabasca sandstone.
|
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February 16, 2009
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Page 3 of 207 |
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CAMECO CORPORATION
McARTHUR RIVER OPERATION, NORTHERN SASKATCHEWAN, CANADA
NI 43-101 TECHNICAL REPORT
|
|
1.4 |
|
Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves |
The Mineral Resource and Mineral Reserve estimates are based on 36 drillholes from surface,
of which 15 drillholes intersected mineralization, and 632 drillholes from underground, of
which 334 holes intersected mineralization.
A summary of the estimated Mineral Resources for McArthur River with an effective date of
December 31, 2008 is shown in Table 1-1. Alain G. Mainville, P.Geo., of Cameco, is the
qualified person within the meaning of National Instrument 43-101 Standards of Disclosure
for Mineral Projects (NI 43-101) for the purpose of the Mineral Resource and Mineral Reserve
estimates.
|
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February 16, 2009
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Page 4 of 207 |
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|
CAMECO CORPORATION
McARTHUR RIVER OPERATION, NORTHERN SASKATCHEWAN, CANADA
NI 43-101 TECHNICAL REPORT
|
Table 1-1: Summary of Mineral Resources December 31, 2008
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Contained |
|
Camecos Share |
|
|
Tonnes |
|
Grade |
|
Lbs U3O8 |
|
Lbs U3O8 |
Category |
|
(x 1000) |
|
% U3O8 |
|
(millions) |
|
(millions) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Measured |
|
|
209.0 |
|
|
|
9.20 |
|
|
|
42.4 |
|
|
|
29.6 |
|
Indicated |
|
|
39.8 |
|
|
|
8.37 |
|
|
|
7.4 |
|
|
|
5.1 |
|
Total |
|
|
248.8 |
|
|
|
9.07 |
|
|
|
49.7 |
|
|
|
34.7 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Inferred |
|
|
642.6 |
|
|
|
9.81 |
|
|
|
139.0 |
|
|
|
97.0 |
|
|
Notes:
|
|
|
|
(1) |
|
Cameco reports Mineral Reserves and Mineral Resources separately. Reported
Mineral Resources do not include amounts identified as Mineral Reserves. |
|
(2) |
|
Camecos share is 69.805 % of total Mineral Resources. |
|
(3) |
|
Inferred Mineral Resources have a great amount of uncertainty as to their
existence and as to whether they can be mined economically. It cannot be assumed
that all or any part of the Inferred Mineral Resources will ever be upgraded to a
higher category. |
|
(4) |
|
Mineral Resources have been estimated at a minimum mineralized thickness of 1.0
m and at cut-off grade of 0.1% to 0.5 % U3O8. |
|
(5) |
|
The geological model employed for McArthur River involves geological
interpretations on section and plan derived from surface and underground drillhole
information. |
|
(6) |
|
The Mineral Resources have been estimated with no allowance for dilution
material and mining recovery. |
|
(7) |
|
Mineral Resources were estimated on the assumption of using the raisebore,
boxhole and blasthole stoping mining methods combined with freeze curtains. |
|
(8) |
|
Mineral Resources were estimated using cross-sectional method and 3-dimensional
block models. |
|
(9) |
|
Environmental, permitting, legal, title, taxation, socio-economic, political,
marketing or other issues are not expected to materially affect the above estimate
of Mineral Resources. |
|
(10) |
|
Mineral Resources that are not Mineral Reserves do not have demonstrated
economic viability. |
|
(11) |
|
Totals may not add up due to rounding. |
|
|
|
|
February 16, 2009
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Page 5 of 207 |
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|
CAMECO CORPORATION
McARTHUR RIVER OPERATION, NORTHERN SASKATCHEWAN, CANADA
NI 43-101 TECHNICAL REPORT
|
A summary of the estimated Mineral Reserves with an effective date of December 31, 2008 is
shown in Table 1-2.
Table 1-2: Summary of Mineral Reserves December 31, 2008
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Contained |
|
Camecos Share |
|
|
Tonnes |
|
Grade |
|
Lbs U3O8 |
|
Lbs U3O8 |
Category |
|
(x 1000) |
|
% U3O8 |
|
(millions) |
|
(millions) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Proven |
|
|
449.2 |
|
|
|
17.18 |
|
|
|
170.1 |
|
|
|
118.8 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Probable |
|
|
280.0 |
|
|
|
26.33 |
|
|
|
162.5 |
|
|
|
113.4 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total |
|
|
729.2 |
|
|
|
20.69 |
|
|
|
332.6 |
|
|
|
232.2 |
|
|
Notes:
|
|
|
|
(1) |
|
Lbs U3O8 are those contained in Mineral Reserves and are
not adjusted for the estimated metallurgical recovery of 98.4 % . |
|
(2) |
|
Camecos share is 69.805 % of total Mineral Reserves. |
|
(3) |
|
McArthur River Mineral Reserves have been estimated at a cut-off grade of 0.8%
U3O8. |
|
(4) |
|
The geological model employed for McArthur River involves geological
interpretations on section and plan derived from surface and underground drillhole
information. |
|
(5) |
|
Mineral Reserves have been estimated with an average allowance of 20% dilution
from backfill mined. |
|
(6) |
|
Mineral Reserves have been estimated based on 95% mining recovery. |
|
(7) |
|
Mineral Reserves were estimated based on the use of the raisebore, boxhole and
blasthole stoping mining methods combined with freeze curtains. All material
extracted by mining is radiometrically scanned for grade and that which is greater
than 0.8% U3O8 is treated as ore and is fed to an initial
processing circuit located underground consisting of grinding to produce an ore
slurry which is hoisted hydraulically by pumps to surface. On surface the ore
slurry is transported to the Key Lake mill for final processing and production of
uranium. The mining rate is planned to vary between 110 and 130 t/d at a full mill
production rate of 18.7 million pounds U3O8 per year based on
98.4% mill recovery. |
|
(8) |
|
Mineral Reserves were estimated using a 3-dimensional block model. |
|
(9) |
|
For the purpose of estimating Mineral Reserves in accordance with NI 43-101, an
average price of US$47/lb U3O8 was used. For the purpose of
estimating Mineral Reserves in accordance with US Securities and Exchange
Commissions Industry Guide 7, an average price of US$70/lb
U3O8 was used. Estimated Mineral Reserves are similar at
either price because of the insensitivity of the Mineral Reserves to the cut-off
grade over the range of these two prices. |
|
(10) |
|
The key economic parameters underlying the Mineral Reserves include a
conversion from US$ dollars to Cdn$ dollars using a fixed exchange rate of US$1.00 =
Cdn$1.22. |
|
(11) |
|
Environmental, permitting, legal, title, taxation, socio-economic, political,
marketing, or other issues are not expected to materially affect the above estimate
of Mineral Reserves. |
|
(12) |
|
Totals may not add up due to rounding. |
The current mine plan has been designed to extract all of the current Mineral Reserves.
Over the last five years, the reconciliation of the mine production has been within 5% of
the Mineral Reserve estimates of contained pounds of uranium.
Mineral Resources in the Measured, Indicated and Inferred Mineral Resource categories have
not been included in the current mine plans. Mineral Resources have no demonstrated
economic viability.
|
|
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|
February 16, 2009
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Page 6 of 207 |
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|
CAMECO CORPORATION
McARTHUR RIVER OPERATION, NORTHERN SASKATCHEWAN, CANADA
NI 43-101 TECHNICAL REPORT
|
1.5 Exploration of the McArthur River Deposit
Cameco, through its predecessor company, the Saskatchewan Mining Development Corporation
(SMDC), became operator of the McArthur River project in 1980. Surface exploration programs,
ranging from small line cutting crews to large helicopter supported drilling and prospecting
camps, were active from 1980 through to 1992. The mineral property presently consists of
84,818 ha.
Surface exploration programs were active from 1980 through to 1992. Significant
mineralization of potentially economic uranium grades were first discovered as a result of
surface drilling in the 1988 and 1989 exploration seasons.
In the summer of 1988, drilling along the northern portion of an electromagnetic conductor
encountered structural disruption and sandstone alteration in hole MAC-195. The last hole
of the year, MAC-198, encountered the contact between the overlying sandstone and basement
rock (unconformity) much higher than expected, but 65 m deeper it passed back into
sandstone and intersected a 10 m thick zone of high grade mineralization along the faulted
basement/sandstone contact. Subsequent surface drilling programs in 1989, 1990, 1991, and
1992 delineated the mineralization over a strike length of 1,700 m, occurring at depths
ranging between 500 to 640m below surface.
In 1993, an underground exploration program, consisting of shaft sinking, lateral
development, and diamond drilling was approved by government agencies. The shaft was
completed in 1994. Following review of the environmental impact statement, public hearings,
and receipt of approvals from the governments of Canada and Saskatchewan, the Atomic Energy
Control Board (AECB) issued construction licences for McArthur River in August 1997 and May
1998. In October 1999, Cameco received an operating licence from federal authorities and
operating approval from provincial authorities.
Construction and development of the McArthur River mine was completed on schedule and mining
commenced in December 1999. Commercial production was achieved on November 1, 2000.
Since 1993 over 630 underground drill holes, totalling in excess of 56,000 m, have provided
detailed information for delineation of 750 m of the strike length. Over 1,400 additional
underground diamond drill holes, totalling 85,000 m, were drilled for geotechnical
information; probe and grout covers; service and drain holes; and freeze holes.
Underground exploration drilling and development continued in 2008. Activity for 2009
focuses on evaluation of Mineral Resources, mainly to the south of the current McArthur
River Mineral Reserves. In 2008, Cameco concluded that Mineral Resources to the
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south of the
mine have greater near-term development potential for future mining due to established
infrastructure and were made a higher priority exploration target. Mineral Resources to the
north of the mine are planned for further evaluation in either late 2009 or 2010, depending
on the progress made in the south of the mine.
1.6 Exploration of P2 Grid
The McArthur River deposit, originally called P2 North, is on the P2 grid situated on the
north western boundary of the property. Other significant, but sub-economic discoveries,
which are located on the property include the Harrigan Zone, the BJ Zone, and P2 Main.
Routine prospecting in 1980 and 1981 discovered radioactive boulders about 10 km southwest
of the McArthur River deposit. Exploration on the P2 grid accelerated in 1984 and definition
of the P2 electromagnetic conductor, identified by reconnaissance geophysical surveys, was
completed in 1986. The open ended conductor extended for 12 km on the property and became a
high priority exploration target.
In 1985, drilling on the P2 conductor resulted in the discovery of the P2 Main sandstone
hosted mineralization, associated with a major fault zone. Continued drilling through to
1988 defined this 500 m long, sub-economic zone of mineralization.
Exploration focus shifted to the P2 North area in 1988, with the discovery of high grade
mineralization (4.3% U3O8 / 10.0 m) in drill hole MC-198. Successive
diamond drill programs from 1989 91, totalling 27,928 metres in 43 holes, delineated the
P2 North uranium deposit from surface. Subsequent geotechnical and hydrological evaluation
of the deposit area in 1992 preceded the approval for underground development in 1993.
Surface exploration drilling was conducted in 2004, 2005 and 2006 to the north to test the
extension of mineralization previously identified from historical surface drill holes and to
also test new targets along strike. In 2007, surface diamond drilling to evaluate the P2
trend north of the McArthur River mine was significantly accelerated in order to understand
as quickly as possible the full potential of the prolific P2 structure. As at December 31,
2008, approximately 80 surface drill holes totalling in excess of 42,000 m, comprising a
combination of conventional and directional drilling have tested the P2 structure at
approximately 200 m intervals for a distance of 4.3 km north of the mine. Results continue
to be encouraging and will require follow-up drilling. For 2009, $3.5 million has been
budgeted towards diamond drilling on extension of the P2 fault both to the north and south
of the mine.
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1.7 Mining Methods
The mining of the McArthur River deposit faces a number of challenges including control of
groundwater, weak rock formations, and radiation protection from very high grade uranium
ores. Based on these challenges, it was identified during initial mining studies that
non-entry mining methods would be required to mine the majority of the deposit.
The sandstones that overlay the ore zones and basement rocks contain significant amounts of
high pressure water that will flow into the underground workings unless they are controlled.
Ground freezing is used to form an impermeable freeze wall, to prevent water from the
sandstones entering into the active ore zones, and to help stabilize highly fractured
footwall rocks during mining operations.
The raisebore mining method was selected as an innovative approach to meet these challenges
and was adapted to meet the conditions at the McArthur River mine. The raisebore method
involves drilling a series of raisebore holes through the ore zone. The ore is collected by
remote controlled scooptrams at the bottom of the raise. Once the raise is completed, the
raise is concrete filled.
This method has been used to extract all the ore at McArthur River since mine production
started in 1999. The method has proven to be very successful both in terms of achieving
budgeted production and safety goals including low accident frequency and radiation
exposure.
Alternate mining methods planned for other Zones of the ore body include boxhole boring and
blasthole stoping.
In 2005, a mining method study determined that a modification to this method, the boxhole
mining method, would be better suited for the Upper Zones 1, 3 and 4 because it would allow
development from a preferred location within the basement rockmass since this zone is
overlain by water bearing sandstones. Cameco plans to use this method for production from
Upper Zone 4 beginning in 2013.
Boxhole boring is a vertical development technique used at a few mines in the world;
however, this will represent its first application to uranium mining. Cameco has some
experience with boxhole boring as it previously tested the method at Rabbit Lake and Cigar
Lake. Additional testing at McArthur River will be required to evaluate the productivity of
this method, and will likely require additional operational development during test work and
initial mining phases.
The technical challenges associated with this mining method include reaming through frozen
ground, raise stability (due to thawing from reaming and backfill), controlling raise
deviation, reaming through backfilled raises, and control of radiation exposure.
Accordingly, Cameco has scheduled a long lead-time for implementation to ensure the
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technical challenges are understood and risks mitigated. Until Cameco has fully developed
and tested the boxhole boring method at McArthur River, there is uncertainty in the
estimated productivity.
Cameco plans to develop and test the boxhole boring method over the next four years. In
2006, Cameco placed an order for a boxhole borer for delivery in the first half of 2008 and
in 2007 completed the mine plan for the boxhole boring test area. The first test raise was
setup at the end of 2008 and pilot hole drilling commenced in January 2009. Three raises in
waste are planned for 2009 as is completion of freeze drilling for a boxhole boring ore
extraction test area. The brine distribution system for this area is scheduled to be
installed in 2009 as part of the plan to test this method in ore in 2010. Cameco has CNSC
approval for the boxhole boring test program in waste and will provide a second submission
for boxhole boring in ore planned for 2010.
A third mining method, blasthole stoping is being evaluated for small isolated ore zones
where raisebore or boxhole boring is impractical. McArthur River plans to implement this
method for ore remnant recovery in Zone 2, pending regulatory review and approval.
1.8 Mine Operations
Underground exploration drilling has identified four mineralized zones (Zones 1 to 4).
Cameco is working on the transition to new mining zones at McArthur River, including mine
planning and development. Since mining startup in 1999, only Zone 2 has been mined. Zone 2
is divided into four Panels (1, 2, 3, and 5).
As extraction of Zone 2 (Panels 1, 2, and 3) progresses, Cameco expects to place Lower Zone
1, Zone 2 (Panel 5) and the lower mining area of Zone 4 into production in stages between
2009 and late 2010, subject to regulatory approval. Cameco plans to continue to use the
raisebore mining method to extract ore in these zones.
Freeze drilling and raisebore access for Lower Zone 1 has been developed on the 530L. Due
to water risks, the 560 level extraction chamber development will not be driven until the
production freeze wall has been established. Freeze drilling for Lower Zone 1 is scheduled
to begin in the 2nd quarter of 2009.
At Zone 2 (Panel 5), the brine system to form the new freeze wall was activated in the
fourth quarter of 2008 and formation of the new freeze wall is in progress. The new freeze
wall is expected to be in place in the second quarter of 2009. Approximately six months of
freeze time is required before the raisebore chamber can be developed. By mid-2009, the
ground should be sufficiently frozen to begin developing the raisebore chamber. Production
is scheduled for Zone 2 (panel 5) in the second half of 2009. Cameco intends to produce
over 85 million pounds of U3O8 from this area.
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Development work for Lower Zone 4 is progressing. This area is classified as higher risk
development for the raisebore chamber on the upper level and Cameco has adjusted its
development and production schedules to recognize and mitigate these risks. In 2009,
development of this Zone will continue and freeze hole drilling is expected to take place.
Production from this area is now scheduled for 2010.
During the fourth quarter of 2008, access was successfully re-established along the
previously backfilled Zone 2 Panel 3 freeze wall on the 530 level. This mining area will be
used to extend the life of Panel 3 and is part of the revised production plan for 2009 to
address the rescheduling of production from Lower Zone 4.
In November of 2008, the lower extraction area for Lower Zone 4 development on the 590 m
level encountered a small inflow of water that was quickly captured and controlled. This
area was considered low risk development which is defined as having an inflow potential of
less than 100 m3/h or an order of magnitude below the available pump and treat
capacity. The inflow has not caused Cameco to alter any planned mining in this area.
However, full grouting of the inflow area is required before development resumes. As of
January 2009, the critical path for production in this area is on the 530 m level
where freeze drilling will be carried out and not the 580/590 m level extraction area where
the inflow was encountered. Other development on the 580 level continues.
1.9 Processing
McArthur River ore is processed at two locations. Size reduction is conducted underground at
McArthur River and the resulting finely ground ore is pumped to surface and transported in
truck mounted containers to Key Lake as a 50% solids slurry at a typical grade range of 15%
to 30% U3O8. Blending down with mineralized waste to a nominal 4%
U3O8 mill feed grade and all remaining uranium processing, tailings
disposal and effluent treatment steps occur at Key Lake. The final uranium product is a
calcined yellowcake grading 98% U3O8 on average.
The current CNSC licensed production rate for the combined McArthur River/Key Lake
operations is limited to a maximum of 7.2 million kilograms U (approximately 18.7 million
pounds U3O8) per year. Cameco has applied for an increased licensed
capacity of 22 million pounds U3O8 annually. Options to further
increase the production rate to 24 million pounds U3O8 annually are
currently being assessed as part of a program to revitalize and expand the Key Lake
operation.
The Key Lake mill is owned by the Key Lake Joint Venture (KLJV) and operated by Cameco. The
KLJV is comprised of Cameco (66 2/3%) and UEM (33 1/3%). UEM is a company owned equally by
Cameco and AREVA.
The KLJV has entered into a toll milling agreement with AREVA for the processing of AREVAs
share of McArthur River uranium at the Key Lake mill. Cameco and UEM, the
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other owners of
the McArthur River Joint Venture (MRJV), have agreed that milling of each partys share of
McArthur River ore will be accomplished through the KLJV and it is not necessary to enter
into a formal toll milling agreement with the KLJV.
1.10 Environmental Assessment and Licensing
The McArthur River operation has regulatory obligations to both the federal and provincial
governments. Being a nuclear facility, primary regulatory authority resides with the federal
government and its agency, the CNSC. The main regulatory agencies that issue permits /
approvals and inspect the McArthur River mine are: the CNSC (federal), Fisheries and Oceans
Canada (federal), Environment Canada (federal), Transport Canada (federal), Ministry of
Advanced Education, Employment and Labour (provincial), and Ministry of Environment
(provincial) (SMOE).
Three permits must be maintained to operate the mine. Cameco holds a Uranium Mine Facility
Operating Licence from the CNSC, and an Approval to Operate Pollutant Control Facilities
and a Permit to Operate Waterworks both from the SMOE. These permits are current. The CNSC
operating licence was renewed for 5 year term in 2008 and expires on October 31, 2013. The
SMOE approvals will require renewal in 2009 as they expire on October 31, 2009. The renewal
process for these approvals has been started.
The Key Lake operation is regulated in a similar manner as the McArthur River mine and as
such has regulatory obligations to both the federal and provincial governments. Three
permits must be maintained to operate the Key Lake uranium mill. Cameco holds a Uranium
Mill Operating Licence from the CNSC and an Approval to Operate Pollutant Control
Facilities and Permit to Operate Waterworks both from SMOE. These permits are current.
The CNSC operating licence was renewed for a five year term in 2008 and expires on October
31, 2013. The SMOE approvals will require renewal in 2009 as they expire on November 30,
2009. The renewal process for these approvals has been started.
The CNSC operating licences for McArthur River and Key Lake limit production to
approximately 18.7 million pounds of U3O8 per year, while the
provincial approval to operate pollution control facilities sets restrictions on the rates
and quality of treated effluent that can be released to the environment. This provincial
approval also specifies restrictions associated with the management and transport of
mineralized wastes generated from the mining activities.
In 2002, Cameco applied to increase the annual licence capacity at both the McArthur River
mine and the Key Lake mill to 22 million pounds U3O8 per year
(compared to the current 18.7 million pounds). This application has been undergoing a
screening level environmental assessment (EA) under the Canadian Environmental Assessment
Act
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(CEAA) with the CNSC as the responsible authority. The EA has been delayed due to
discussions with the CNSC regarding how to address the local accumulation of molybdenum and
trace amounts of selenium in the Key Lake downstream environment.
Cameco has developed an action plan to modify the effluent treatment process to reduce
concentrations of molybdenum and selenium discharged to the environment. The CNSC facility
operating licence includes a condition for the Key Lake mill to implement this action plan.
Pursuant to this action plan Cameco has been proceeding to modify the mill effluent
treatment process in order to reduce molybdenum and selenium levels to very low
concentrations. The project, originally planned to be complete in the first part of 2008,
experienced difficulties in commissioning that have subsequently required further project
changes. Cameco now expects this project to be completed and the new process changes
optimized in the first half of 2009. Cameco plans to update the CNSC in April 2009 with
respect to the indicative performance of the molybdenum and selenium removal circuit.
Depending on the relative success of this project in reducing molybdenum and selenium
concentrations in the Key Lake mill effluent, further work identified in the action plan
referred to in the licence condition may or may not be required.
The EA for the increased licence capacity is pending demonstration of the effectiveness of
the process to reduce concentrations of molybdenum and selenium. Cameco expects that
reducing the current level of these metals will help advance this EA.
In addition to obtaining approval for the EA (which has to be resubmitted at the appropriate
time) and licence approval to operate at higher production levels, Cameco needs to
transition to new mining zones at McArthur River and to implement various mill process
modifications at Key Lake in order to sustain increased production levels. Mine planning,
development and freeze hole drilling for the McArthur River zone transition is ongoing and
only after this transition is complete, can Cameco fully assess the production rate capacity
of the new mining zones.
A revitalization assessment of the Key Lake mill was completed in the first part of 2008.
Subsequently, engineering commenced and further assessment of alternative options began. The
Key Lake revitalization plan includes upgrading circuits with new technology for simplified
operation, increased production capacity and improved environmental performance. The
engineering and project planning for replacement of the acid and oxygen plants was further
advanced in 2008. Construction of these replacement plants is planned to start in 2009,
subject to regulatory approvals.
If Cameco receives approval for the increased production limit, Cameco expects that annual
production will range between current levels and 20 million pounds until such time as
revitalization is completed at Key Lake. Annual production levels after mill
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revitalization
are expected to be largely dependent on mine production. As such, Cameco anticipates it will
be a number of years before it can achieve the sustainable increased production rates at
these operations.
The tailings management facility (TMF) is located within the Deilmann pit, which was mined
out in the 1990s. Tailings from processing McArthur River ore is deposited in this TMF.
In February of 2009, Cameco received regulatory approval for the deposition of tailings to a
moderately higher elevation in the Deilmann TMF. At current production rates, the approved
capacity of the Deilmann TMF increases from five years to approximately eight years,
assuming only minor storage capacity losses due to sloughing (or erosion) from the pit
walls.
Cameco also initiated technical pre-feasibility work to secure long-term tailings capacity
at Key Lake that will be sufficient to hold all tailings generated from processing of
McArthur River Mineral Reserves as well as substantial additional capacity to allow for
other potential sources of production. This tailings option study is considering the
feasibility of further extending the capacity of the Deilmann TMF and options for new
tailings management facilities. Cameco expects to submit a project description to regulatory
agencies in 2009 that will initiate the environmental assessment process for securing
long-term tailings capacity at Key Lake.
With respect to the ongoing operation of the Deilmann TMF, Cameco has performed several
studies to better understand the pitwall sloughing mechanism and initiated engineering work
to design and build mitigation measures for prevention of sloughing. Sloughing has occurred
in the past at the Deilmann TMF resulting in the loss of
approved capacity. Although the situation has recently stabilized as a result of
stabilizing the water level in the pit, there is a risk of further sloughing at the Deilmann
TMF.
At the Key Lake site there is another TMF. It is an above-ground impoundment with tailings
stored within compacted till embankments. This facility, constructed in 1983, has not
received tailings since 1996. Cameco is reviewing several decommissioning options regarding
this facility.
There are five rock stockpiles at the Key Lake site. Three of the stockpiles contain
non-mineralized waste rock and two contain low-grade mineralized material. The latter are
currently used to lower the grade of McArthur River ore to approximately 4%
U3O8 before entering the milling circuit. The dilution of the
high-grade ore serves three purposes: recovery of uranium from the low-grade material,
reduction of radiation exposures in the mill, and final disposal of the low- grade waste.
The remaining non-mineralized waste rock stockpiles will require decommissioning upon site
closure.
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1.11 Production Plan
The mining plan has been designed to extract all of the current Mineral Reserves. McArthur
River currently has sufficient Mineral Reserves to continue production to 2033. Yearly
production is currently limited by McArthurs Uranium operating license at 18.7 million
pounds of U3O8.
It is expected that Mineral Reserves may increase as further exploration continues from both
surface and underground and mining plans are put in place for Zones 4 South, A and B Mineral
Resources. Cameco believes there is good potential it will be able to convert portions of
the McArthur River Measured and Indicated Mineral Resources to Mineral Reserves, in order to
maintain annual production at 18.7 million pounds for longer than currently estimated and/or
extend mine life. Mineral Resources that are not Mineral Reserves have no demonstrated
economic viability.
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1.12 Economic Analysis
The economic analysis for the McArthur River Mine, is based on the current mine plan and the
estimated Mineral Reserves only. The analysis does not contain any estimating involving the
potential mining and milling of the Mineral Resources from any mineralized zone. It cannot
be assumed that all or any part of the Inferred Mineral Resources will ever be upgraded to a
higher category. Accordingly, expenditures that may be required to bring any of the Mineral
Resources into production or to identify additional Mineral Resources have not been
included.
The analysis is from the point of view of Cameco, which owns, directly or indirectly,
69.805% of the MRJV, and incorporates Camecos projected sale revenue from its proportionate
share of the related production, less its share of the related operating and capital costs
of the MRJV, as well as all royalties that will be payable on the sale of concentrates.
The analysis estimated a pre-tax NPV (10%) to Cameco, as at January 1, 2009, of Cdn$2.69
billion for its share of the McArthur River Mineral Reserves. The pre-tax IRR has been
estimated to be 13%.
Operating costs for the MRJV were estimated to average Cdn$19.69/lb
U3O8 over the life of the estimated Mineral Reserves only. For the
period from 2009 to 2013, operating costs were estimated to average Cdn$15/lb
U3O8. The operating projections are stated in constant 2009 dollars
and assume an annual production rate of 18.7 million pounds until 2016, and gradually
declining annual production until 2033. Operating costs include estimated underground mining
operations and milling costs.
Mining of the McArthur deposit is capital intensive in comparison to other underground types
of mining. The extraction method utilizing raisebores allows the operation to minimize the
size of excavations in ore and therefore reduce the risk of ground movement that could
potentially impact the freeze wall integrity. Given the importance of preserving freeze
wall integrity, the mining methods in this report has taken this into account.
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1.13 Project Risks
McArthur River is a challenging deposit to mine. These challenges include control of ground
water, weak ground formations, radiation protection, water inflow, mining method uncertainty
and changes to productivity, mine transitioning, regulatory approvals, tailings capacity,
reliability of facilities at Key Lake, surface and underground fires.
Two of the primary geotechnical challenges in mining the deposit are control of groundwater
and ground support in the immediate area of massive mineralization, in
areas where the rock is fractured and faulted, and in the overlying sandstone. In general,
the poorest ground conditions have been encountered in the hanging wall sandstone along the
western edge of the deposit, up from the footwall unconformity to the tip of the basement
wedge. Geotechnical investigation holes are drilled into any planned mining areas prior to
mining and help determine the mining design and whether development in an area is low,
medium or high risk.
Major water bearing formations at high hydrostatic pressure are present in the altered
sandstone, P2 fault and unconformity overlying the basement rocks. A risk of mine flooding
is present if either of these formations is intersected with mine openings or exploration
drill holes. As a result, prior to mining an ore zone, the footwall areas must be frozen to
isolate the ore zone from the water bearing sandstone and vertical faults that form the
western part of the deposit. Ground freezing also helps stabilize the highly fractured
footwall rocks during mining operations and reduces the potential for radiation exposure
from radon dissolved in the ground water. Ground freezing, however, will only reduce, but
not eliminate, these challenges. The different methods of ground freezing can result in
freeze walls that are not 100% enclosed and therefore do not provide full protection from
water inflows. There is a possibility of a water inflow event during the drilling of holes
to freeze the ground as well as due to other causes. Therefore, the risk of water inflows at
McArthur River remains.
All mine development to date has attempted to minimize the amount of water to be
encountered. This was done through extensive grouting and careful placement of mine
development away from known groundwater sources whenever possible, as well as ground
freezing.
Production at the McArthur River mine was temporarily suspended on April 6, 2003, as
increased water inflow from an area of collapsed rock in a new development area, located
just above the 530 m level, began to flood portions of the mine. Remedial work to return the
mine to safe operating condition was initiated during the second quarter of 2003 and was
sufficiently advanced in July 2003 for mine production to resume. The excess water inflow
was sealed off by July 2004. Permanent water treatment capacity was expanded to about 750
m3/h.
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During the water inflow incident, additional temporary capacity was put in place to treat
the water flows. Construction was completed in 2005 to increase the permanent and
contingency water treatment capacity to approximately 1,500 m3/h. In 2008, Cameco
increased pumping capacity at the McArthur River mine to 1,650 m3/h from the
previous 1,500 m3/h, with a potential to add additional capacity. Cameco has the
ability to treat between 750 and 800 m3/h through its conventional water
treatment plant. In addition, another 750 m3/h contingency water treatment
capacity is available which requires regulatory approval to use. Beyond that, Cameco has
water storage capability of 50,000 m3 in a surface pond which could provide
several weeks storage for any inflows in excess of hourly treatment capacity.
Current discharge rates are limited by the Saskatchewan MOE with the approval to release up
to 360 m3/h during the period of April 15 to June 15 to allow passage of
spawning fish through the downstream Read Creek culvert and up to 833 m3/h for
the remainder of the year. Cameco is working on obtaining regulatory clarity for contingency
water treatment and release in the event of a large water inflow.
In 2009, McArthur River plans to upgrade the Read Creek culvert to allow fish passage during
high flow conditions, apply to Saskatchewan MOE for removal of the 360 m3/h flow
restriction, and submit an application to CNSC and Saskatchewan MOE for formal approval of
the McArthur Contingency Water Management Plan that would allow Cameco to operate the
contingency water treatment plant and discharge at rates up to 1500 m3/h during
mine inflow conditions.toto
In November of 2008, the lower extraction area for Lower Zone 4 development on the 590 m
level encountered a small inflow of water that was quickly captured and controlled. This
area was considered low risk development which is defined as having an inflow potential of
less than 100 m3/h or an order of magnitude below our pump and treat capacity.
The inflow has not caused Cameco to alter any planned mining in this area. However, full
grouting of the inflow area is required before development resumes.
The 2008 water inflow is still under investigation, however the necessary measures to
control the water have been implemented and progress is being made. The water is being
managed through the conventional water handling
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systems, and contingency water treatment systems have not been required to mitigate this
situation. |
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The consequence of another water inflow at McArthur River will depend upon the magnitude,
location and timing of any such event, but could include a significant reduction in McArthur
River production, a material increase in costs, a loss of Mineral Reserves, or require
Cameco to give notice to many of its customers that it is declaring an interruption in
planned uranium supply. Although Cameco takes steps to mitigate the risks of water inflow,
there can be no guarantee that such steps will be successful and water inflow could have a
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A significant amount of the estimated Mineral Reserves in Upper Zones 1, 3, and 4 have been
planned for mining with the boxhole boring method, with production planned to commence in
Upper Zone 4 in 2013. This method has had limited testing at Cigar Lake and Rabbit Lake.
Boxhole boring is a mining technique used around the world, this will represent its first
application in uranium mining. Additional testing at McArthur River will be required to
evaluate the productivity of this method, and will likely require additional operational
development during test work and initial mining phases. |
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In order to address the technical challenges with this mining method (described above),
Cameco has scheduled a long lead-time for implementation to ensure the technical challenges
are understood and risks mitigated. Until Cameco has fully developed and tested the boxhole
boring method at McArthur River, there is uncertainty in the estimated productivity. Failure
to resolve the technical challenges with this mining method could adversely impact planned
production and timing, which could have a material impact upon Cameco. |
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Beginning in 2009, Cameco expects to transition to new mining areas at McArthur River, which
involves significant technical challenges. Failure or delay in overcoming these challenges
may have a material impact upon Cameco. |
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Underground mine fires pose a serious threat to mine workers and mine operations. Controls
and procedures are in place to mitigate the risk of mine fires. |
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Failure to maintain existing tailings capacity at the Deilmann TMF due to sloughing or other
causes or failure to obtain or delay in obtaining regulatory approval for a new tailings
management facility or to expand existing tailings capacity at the Deilmann TMF could
constrain uranium production, which could have a material adverse impact upon Cameco. |
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The original Key Lake milling facilities and related infrastructure have been in service for
over twenty five years. In late 2006 to address the risks associated with an aging facility,
Cameco initiated the development of a strategic plan to revitalize the Key Lake facilities
for the next 25 years of operation to mill McArthur River ore. The key |
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February 16, 2009
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Page 19 of 207 |
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CAMECO CORPORATION
McARTHUR RIVER OPERATION, NORTHERN SASKATCHEWAN, CANADA
NI 43-101 TECHNICAL REPORT
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objectives of this plan are to refurbish or replace selected areas of the existing infrastructure, enhance
environmental performance and increase nominal production capacity to approximately 24
million pounds U3O8 per year. As part of the revitalization
of the Key Lake mill, Cameco is planning to commence the construction of replacement of acid
and oxygen plants in 2009. |
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1.14 |
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Conclusions and Recommendations |
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|
With more than a 150 M lbs of U3O8 mined from the McArthur River
deposit, Cameco has demonstrated that the challenging conditions associated with mining in
the Athabasca Basin can be overcome. The operational experience gained since the start of
commercial production has resulted in significant risk reduction. |
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The McArthur River operation estimated Mineral Reserves have proven, thus far, to be
conservative with more U3O8 extracted than predicted to date. As a
result of the high grade of the deposit it has been shown that the Mineral Reserve based
economics produce robust cash flow margins and are not significantly sensitive to the grade
and price variations assumed in this report. Given that the Zone 4 area, planned for
production in 2010, has no historic production base for comparison with the Mineral Reserve
estimates, calibration may be required. |
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The single greatest risk to the operation is production interruption from water inflows.
Although significant improvements have been made since 2003, mining has inherent risk as
rockmass quality is variable in nature. The operation has developed maximum inflow volume
scenarios that have been validated by independent consultants and pumping and treatment
systems have been established accordingly. However, it is recommended that ongoing
assessment and redundant capacity requirements continue to be reviewed. |
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Cameco has recognized the need to develop new mining methods such as boxhole boring for ore
extraction in the upper portion of the mineralized zones of the McArthur River deposit where
raisebore chambers are difficult to develop. This approach is fully endorsed, but
productivity from the boxhole method is not yet firmly established. The test program for
boxhole boring therefore needs to continue as planned. |
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The Mineral Resources at the operation are significant and it is recommended that Cameco
assess the potential for converting Mineral Resources to Mineral Reserves in the south end
of the mine initially. This is necessary for the mine to increase either the time frame for
mining at 18.7 million lbs of U3O8 per year or extending the mine
life. In light of the positive surface drilling results encountered over the last several
years, it is recommended that surface exploration be continued along the north and south
ends of the P2 structure. |
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February 16, 2009
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Page 20 of 207 |
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CAMECO CORPORATION
McARTHUR RIVER OPERATION, NORTHERN SASKATCHEWAN, CANADA
NI 43-101 TECHNICAL REPORT
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In order to improve confidence on the calculation of uranium grade from radiometric probing
results it is recommended that one in twenty underground holes should be assayed to confirm
that the current calibration of the probe is reliable. Further density determination should
be made on core samples prior to sampling the core. This is for confirmation of the formula
currently used to calculate density. |
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With the recent and planned expenditures on infrastructure at Key Lake, mill capacity is
expected to return to past performance levels, and in the future have capacity to produce
beyond the current license limit. Longer term issues with tailings are well understood and
studies for tailings capacity expansion take into account the Mineral Reserves and Resources
at McArthur River as well as other potential tailings streams. |
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The high grade nature of the deposit has required a capital intensive approach to
extraction. As such, the operating and capital budgets set out in Tables 18-7, 18-8 and
18-9 of Section 18.7 are necessary to ensure that the McArthur River operations continue to
produce in the lowest risk environment possible and are endorsed by the authors of this
technical report. Given the significant margin of cost to revenue, it is believed that all
estimated Mineral Reserves can be extracted economically. It is recommended that any
increased production be in the context of increased raisebore access along the strike length
of the estimated Mineral Reserve and potential Mineral Resource additions. |
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The authors of this technical report concur with, and recommend that Cameco proceed with,
the foregoing plans. |
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February 16, 2009
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Page 21 of 207 |
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CAMECO CORPORATION
McARTHUR RIVER OPERATION, NORTHERN SASKATCHEWAN, CANADA
NI 43-101 TECHNICAL REPORT
|
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2.1 |
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Introduction and Purpose |
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|
This report prepared for Cameco, by or under the supervision of internal qualified persons
and one external qualified person, is in support of disclosure of material scientific and
technical information on the McArthur River operation. The report has an effective date of
December 31, 2008 and has been prepared to comply with NI 43-101 under the supervision of
the following individuals: |
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David Bronkhorst, P. Eng., General Manager, McArthur River Operation, Cameco
Corporation; |
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Charles R. Edwards, P. Eng., Director Metallurgy, AMEC Americas Ltd. |
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Alain G. Mainville, P. Geo, Director, Mineral Resources Management, Cameco
Corporation; |
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Gregory M. Murdock, P.Eng., Technical Superintendent, McArthur River Operation,
Cameco Corporation |
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Leslie D. Yesnik, P. Eng., General Manager, Key Lake Operation, Cameco Corporation |
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|
The individuals noted above are qualified persons within the meaning of NI 43-101
responsible for the content of this report. All five qualified persons have visited the
McArthur River and Key Lake sites. The date and duration of each qualified persons most
recent inspection of the McArthur River and Key Lake sites are included in their respective
Certificate of Qualified Person filed with this report and are listed below. |
|
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Charles R. Edwards visited the McArthur River Operation for a day in April 2008 to review
the ore slurry handling processes, equipment and structures and tour the plant. Mr. Edwards
went to the Key Lake Operation in May 2008 for a day to review the milling processes,
equipment, technology development and revitalization plans and to tour the plant. Mr.
Edwards previously made numerous visits to both sites while Director, Engineering & Projects
with Cameco. |
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Alain G. Mainville toured the Key Lake mill and the McArthur River underground mine on
February 22, 2008. Mr. Mainville was previously an employee at Key Lake for seven years. He
has been involved with the McArthur River Operations since 1995 and has visited the site on
numerous occasions. |
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Mr. Bronkhorst and Mr. Murdocks work locations are at the McArthur River Operation and have
therefore visited the site generally at least twice a month for periods extending up to
seven days. |
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February 16, 2009
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Page 22 of 207 |
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CAMECO CORPORATION
McARTHUR RIVER OPERATION, NORTHERN SASKATCHEWAN, CANADA
NI 43-101 TECHNICAL REPORT
|
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Mr. Yesnik is General Manager of Key Lake Operation and is present at the site generally at
least twice a month for periods extending up to 7 days. |
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This report has been prepared with available internal Cameco data and information and data
and information prepared for the MRJV. |
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The principal technical documents and files relating to the McArthur River operation that
were used in preparation of this report are listed in Section 22. |
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February 16, 2009
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Page 23 of 207 |
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CAMECO CORPORATION
McARTHUR RIVER OPERATION, NORTHERN SASKATCHEWAN, CANADA
NI 43-101 TECHNICAL REPORT
|
3 |
|
RELIANCE ON OTHER EXPERTS |
|
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In the context of Form 43-101F1, item 5, the authors have relied, and believe they have a
reasonable basis to rely, upon the following individuals who have contributed the
environmental, legal, social, marketing and taxation information stated in this report, as
noted below: |
|
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Jean Alonso, P. Eng, Director, Compliance & Licensing, Cameco Corporation, Sections 4.6 (a
description of known environmental liabilities) and 18.5 (a description of environmental
considerations) |
|
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Pat Landine, P. Eng, Chief Geo-Environmental Engineer, Technical Services, Cameco
Corporation, Sections 4.6 (a description of known environmental liabilities) and 18.5.3 (a
description of environmental considerations). |
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Larry Korchinski, LLB, Director, Legal Affairs, Securities Compliance, Cameco Corporation,
Sections 4.2 (a description of mineral tenure), 4.3 (Surface tenure), 6.1 (a description of
ownership), and 18.4.3 (a description of toll milling contracts), and 19.9 (aboriginal title
and consultation issues). |
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Penny Buye, BA Econ, Manager, Market planning and Analysis, Marketing, Cameco Corporation,
Section 18.3 (a description of uranium markets) and 18.4.4 (a description of uranium sales
contracts). |
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Bev Godson, CMA, Director, Financial Services, Cameco Corporation, Section 18.6 (a
description of taxes and royalties). |
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February 16, 2009
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Page 24 of 207 |
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CAMECO CORPORATION
McARTHUR RIVER OPERATION, NORTHERN SASKATCHEWAN, CANADA
NI 43-101 TECHNICAL REPORT
|
4 |
|
PROPERTY DESCRIPTION AND LOCATION |
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|
The McArthur River minesite is located near Toby Lake in northern Saskatchewan,
approximately 620 km north of Saskatoon, at approximate latitude 57o 46 north
and longitude 105o 03 west, and about 40 km inside the eastern margin of the
Athabasca Basin Region in northern Saskatchewan, Canada (see Figure 1). |
|
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The McArthur River minesite is 80 km northeast by road from the Key Lake milling operation.
The Cigar Lake project is 46 km northeast and the Rabbit Lake operation is 95 km northeast
from the McArthur River minesite. No direct roads connect McArthur River to the Cigar Lake
or Rabbit Lake operations. |
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February 16, 2009
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Page 25 of 207 |
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CAMECO CORPORATION
McARTHUR RIVER OPERATION, NORTHERN SASKATCHEWAN, CANADA
NI 43-101 TECHNICAL REPORT
|
Figure 1 McArthur River Operation Location
Source: Cameco
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February 16, 2009
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Page 26 of 207 |
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CAMECO CORPORATION
McARTHUR RIVER OPERATION, NORTHERN SASKATCHEWAN, CANADA
NI 43-101 TECHNICAL REPORT
|
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The mineral property consists of 21 mineral claims and one mineral lease (ML-5516)
totalling 84,818 ha. |
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|
The McArthur River uranium deposit is located in the area subject to ML-5516, totalling
1,380 ha. The right to mine this uranium deposit was acquired by Cameco under this mineral
lease, as renewed, effective March 8, 1994 from the province of Saskatchewan. This mineral
lease is granted by the province of Saskatchewan under The Crown Minerals Act
(Saskatchewan). Under the Mineral Disposition Regulations, 1986 (Saskatchewan), issued
under The Crown Minerals Act (Saskatchewan), the term of ML-5516 is for 10 years, with a
right to renew for successive 10 year terms absent a default by Cameco. Lease ML-5516, like
all Crown leases, cannot be terminated by the provincial government except in the event of
default or default under any of the provisions of The Crown Minerals Act (Saskatchewan), or
regulations there under, including for certain prescribed environmental concerns. The
current mineral lease expires in March 2014. |
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Surrounding the McArthur River uranium deposit are 21 mineral claims, totalling 83,438
hectares. The 21 mineral claims were also granted by the province of Saskatchewan under The
Crown Minerals Act (Saskatchewan). These mineral claims grant the right to explore for
minerals. A holder of a mineral claim in good standing has the right to convert the mineral
claim into a mineral lease. Surface exploration work of a mineral claim requires additional
government approval. The mineral lease and claims are delineated on the ground by staking
posts. The Mineral Disposition Regulations, 1986, (Saskatchewan) recognize the staked
boundaries as the legal boundaries. A legal survey of a portion of the western property
line was done in 1984 and covers the boundary adjacent to the McArthur River mine site. |
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An annual cash payment of $13,800 is required to maintain ML-5516 in good standing. The 21
mineral claims require annual exploration expenditures of $2.1 million. However, title is
secured until at least 2017, by virtue of previous assessment work submitted and approved
by the province of Saskatchewan. Disposition status is included in Table 4-1. |
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Figure 2 shows the McArthur River mineral lease and mineral claims as currently registered
with the province of Saskatchewan. |
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February 16, 2009
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Page 27 of 207 |
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CAMECO CORPORATION
McARTHUR RIVER OPERATION, NORTHERN SASKATCHEWAN, CANADA
NI 43-101 TECHNICAL REPORT
|
Table 4-1 McArthur River Operation Disposition Status
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Record |
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Area |
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Annual |
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Next Payment |
|
Disposition |
|
Date |
|
(ha) |
|
|
Assessment |
|
|
Due |
|
ML 5516 |
|
8-Mar-84 |
|
1,380 |
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$13,800 |
|
|
08-Mar-09 |
S 105653 |
|
8-Mar-77 |
|
4,880 |
|
|
$122,000 |
|
|
08-Mar-17 |
S 105654 |
|
8-Mar-77 |
|
4,076 |
|
|
$101,900 |
|
|
08-Mar-17 |
S 105655 |
|
8-Mar-77 |
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4,380 |
|
|
$109,500 |
|
|
08-Mar-17 |
S 105656 |
|
8-Mar-77 |
|
3,434 |
|
|
$85,850 |
|
|
08-Mar-17 |
S 105657 |
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8-Mar-77 |
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3,290 |
|
|
$82,250 |
|
|
08-Mar-17 |
S 105658 |
|
8-Mar-77 |
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4,060 |
|
|
$101,500 |
|
|
08-Mar-17 |
S 105659 |
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8-Mar-77 |
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4,752 |
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$118,800 |
|
|
08-Mar-17 |
S 105660 |
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8-Mar-77 |
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2,945 |
|
|
$73,625 |
|
|
08-Mar-17 |
S 105661 |
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8-Mar-77 |
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4,505 |
|
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$112,625 |
|
|
08-Mar-17 |
S 105662 |
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8-Mar-77 |
|
3,470 |
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|
$86,750 |
|
|
08-Mar-17 |
S 105663 |
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8-Mar-77 |
|
3,248 |
|
|
$81,200 |
|
|
08-Mar-18 |
S 105664 |
|
8-Mar-77 |
|
5,055 |
|
|
$126,375 |
|
|
08-Mar-19 |
S 105665 |
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8-Mar-77 |
|
4,519 |
|
|
$112,975 |
|
|
08-Mar-18 |
S 105666 |
|
8-Mar-77 |
|
4,930 |
|
|
$123,250 |
|
|
08-Mar-17 |
S 105667 |
|
8-Mar-77 |
|
3,926 |
|
|
$98,150 |
|
|
08-Mar-17 |
S 105668 |
|
8-Mar-77 |
|
2,075 |
|
|
$51,875 |
|
|
08-Mar-17 |
S 105669 |
|
8-Mar-77 |
|
2,838 |
|
|
$70,950 |
|
|
08-Mar-17 |
S 105670 |
|
8-Mar-77 |
|
5,207 |
|
|
$130,175 |
|
|
08-Mar-17 |
S 105671 |
|
8-Mar-77 |
|
3,586 |
|
|
$89,650 |
|
|
08-Mar-18 |
S 105672 |
|
8-Mar-77 |
|
3,390 |
|
|
$84,750 |
|
|
08-Mar-17 |
S 105673 |
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8-Mar-77 |
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4,872 |
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|
$121,800 |
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08-Mar-18 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
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|
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|
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|
Total Claims (21) |
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|
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83,438 |
|
|
$2,085,950 |
|
|
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Total Lease (1) and
Claims (21) |
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|
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84,818 |
|
|
$2,099,750 |
|
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February 16, 2009
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Page 28 of 207 |
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CAMECO CORPORATION
McARTHUR RIVER OPERATION, NORTHERN SASKATCHEWAN, CANADA
NI 43-101 TECHNICAL REPORT
|
Figure 2 Mineral Lease and Claims Map
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February 16, 2009
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Page 29 of 207 |
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CAMECO CORPORATION
McARTHUR RIVER OPERATION, NORTHERN SASKATCHEWAN, CANADA
NI 43-101 TECHNICAL REPORT
|
The surface facilities and mine shafts for the McArthur River operation are located on
lands owned by the province of Saskatchewan. Cameco acquired the right to use and occupy
the lands under a surface lease agreement with the province of Saskatchewan. The most
recent surface lease agreement was signed in April 1999 and has a term of 33 years. The
province of Saskatchewan uses surface leases as a mechanism to achieve certain
environmental protection and socio-economic objectives. As a result, certain obligations
are attached to the surface lease and relate primarily to annual reporting regarding the
status of the environment, land development, and progress on northern employment and
business development. On termination or expiry of the surface lease, a new surface lease
can be entered into, if necessary, until full property decommissioning and reclamation has
been achieved. The McArthur River surface lease presently covers approximately 651 ha.
The McArthur River operation is located on historical traditional lands of First Nations.
Pursuant to historical treaties, it is generally acknowledged that First Nation bands ceded
Aboriginal Title to most traditional lands in northern Saskatchewan in exchange for treaty
benefits and reserve lands but generally retained their right to hunt, fish, and trap on
these traditional lands. Cameco understands that the federal and Saskatchewan governments
have a duty to consult First Nations before taking actions that affect the ability of First
Nations to exercise treaty rights. A more detailed discussion of the governments duty to
consult, its impact on project proponents generally, and Camecos notice of claims
potentially affecting the Key Lake and McArthur River sites is provided in section 19.9
below.
The McArthur River mine site is compact, occupying approximately an area of one kilometre
in the north/south direction and half a kilometre in the east/west direction. Figure 3
shows the McArthur River general site arrangement with the outline of the surface leases.
In 2007, the annual rent and taxes for the McArthur River surface lease were $1 million and
for quarries and miscellaneous, $19,000.
Tri-City Surveys of Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, carried out the McArthur River surface lease
survey in March 2000.
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February 16, 2009
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Page 30 of 207 |
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CAMECO CORPORATION
McARTHUR RIVER OPERATION, NORTHERN SASKATCHEWAN, CANADA
NI 43-101 TECHNICAL REPORT
|
Figure 3 Map of Mine Facilities and Surface Lease
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February 16, 2009
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Page 31 of 207 |
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CAMECO CORPORATION
McARTHUR RIVER OPERATION, NORTHERN SASKATCHEWAN, CANADA
NI 43-101 TECHNICAL REPORT
|
|
4.4 |
|
Mine and Infrastructure |
All current Mineral Reserves and Mineral Resources are contained within mineral lease
ML-5516. Underground workings are confined to a small area of the mineral lease where
mining is concentrated.
Waste rock piles from the excavation of the three shafts and all underground development
are confined to a small footprint within the surface lease. Waste rock management is
further discussed in Section 5.5 and Section 18.5.3.
No tailings are stored at the McArthur River site since all ore mined is transported to the
Key Lake mill for processing. Tailings management at the Key Lake site is discussed in
Section 18.5.3.
A discussion of the mine shafts, buildings, and infrastructure at the McArthur River site
is included in Section 5.5.
A site plan of the existing and planned surface facilities is shown in Figure 3. . The
locations of the McArthur River deposit and other significant but sub-economic uranium
discoveries are further discussed in section 6.2.1 and presented on Figure 6-1.
For a discussion of royalties, see Section 18.6.2.
|
4.6 |
|
Known Environmental Liabilities |
Material environmental liabilities are essentially future decommissioning liabilities.
These are covered by regulatory-required financial assurances. In this process, Cameco
develops a conceptual plan describing how a particular site could be decommissioned. Once
the plan is accepted by the regulatory agencies, it is then cost estimated, typically
resulting in the issuance of letters of credit. The design basis for this work is a
decommission tomorrow scenario, as the regulatory foundation of this work is protection
of the taxpayer in the event that a company is unable to meet its decommissioning
obligations. It is important to note that regulators accept the decommissioning plans in
concept as an approach to address environmental liabilities which has reasonable
prospects of meeting current regulatory requirements. As Cameco-operated properties
approach or go into decommissioning, further regulatory review of the detailed
decommissioning plans may result in additional requirements, associated costs
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February 16, 2009
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Page 32 of 207 |
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CAMECO CORPORATION
McARTHUR RIVER OPERATION, NORTHERN SASKATCHEWAN, CANADA
NI 43-101 TECHNICAL REPORT
|
and financial
assurances. It is not possible to predict what level of decommissioning and reclamation
(and financial assurances relating thereto) may be required in the future by regulators. If
Cameco is required to comply with significant additional regulations or if the actual cost
of future decommissioning and reclamation is significantly higher than current estimates,
this could have a
material adverse impact on the work needed to address these future environmental
liabilities.
Beginning in 1996, Cameco has conducted regulatory-required reviews of its decommissioning
plans for all Canadian sites. These periodic reviews are nominally done on a five-year
basis, or at the time of an amendment to or renewal of an operating licence. These updates
serve to reflect changes in operations, conditions, evolving technologies and changing
regulatory requirements. In 2003, Preliminary Decommissioning Plans (PDPs) for both the Key
Lake (Cameco, 2003a) and McArthur River operations (Cameco, 2003b) were prepared by Cameco
and approved of by both the CNSC and SMOE. These conceptual PDPs discussed the
environmental liabilities that were known at that time. The estimated cost of implementing
these PDPs and addressing the known environmental liabilities resulted in production of two
other associated documents called preliminary decommissioning cost estimates (PDCEs) for
both Key Lake (Cameco 2003c) and McArthur River Operations (Cameco, 2003d). Financial
assurances to cover the 2003 PDCEs for McArthur River and for Key Lake operations were
posted with SMOE in the form of irrevocable standby letters of Credit (LOC).
These documents were revised in 2008 in support of the CNSC licence renewal process, and
considered changes to conditions over the preceding 5 year period since the last revision.
Based on the total estimated decommissioning costs presented and approved in these PDCEs,
Cameco increased the financial assurance posted with the province of Saskatchewan to
Cdn$120.7M and Cdn$36.1M for decommissioning the Key Lake and McArthur River operations,
respectively. These estimates replace the 2003 estimates of Cdn$45.5M and Cdn$8.6M
respectively. These financial assurances represent 100% of the total estimated costs and
not Camecos share of such costs. Broadly speaking, the increases in the estimates have
resulted from significant escalation of labour and equipment rates, increases in up-front
project management efforts, interim care and maintenance costs while awaiting regulatory
approvals, higher levels of contingency in engineering cost estimates, and general
inflation provisions. A measure of stability in the estimates for the next few years is
expected, given the granting of five-year licences to 2013.
The known environmental liabilities are discussed further in Section 18.5.
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February 16, 2009
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Page 33 of 207 |
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CAMECO CORPORATION
McARTHUR RIVER OPERATION, NORTHERN SASKATCHEWAN, CANADA
NI 43-101 TECHNICAL REPORT
|
For a discussion of permitting, see Section 18.5.1.
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February 16, 2009
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Page 34 of 207 |
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CAMECO CORPORATION
McARTHUR RIVER OPERATION, NORTHERN SASKATCHEWAN, CANADA
NI 43-101 TECHNICAL REPORT
|
5 |
|
ACCESSIBILITY, CLIMATE, LOCAL RESOURCES, INFRASTRUCTURE AND PHYSIOGRAPHY |
McArthur River ore is transported to the Key Lake mill for processing some 80 km to the
southwest along a gravel road.
The property is accessible by road and air. Supplies are transported by truck and can be
shipped from anywhere in North America through the company transit warehouse in Saskatoon.
Trucks travel north from Saskatoon, on a paved provincial road through Prince Albert to
just south of La Ronge, then west on gravel surfaced Provincial Road 165 and north on
gravel Provincial Road 914 to the Key Lake mill. The 80 km road from Key Lake to McArthur
River is gravel surfaced and maintained by Cameco. The Key Lake to McArthur River road is
used to transport ore to Key Lake for processing and to ship supplies to McArthur River.
Public access to this road is controlled and restricted.
Figure 4 shows the regional location of the McArthur River site and local roads.
An unpaved airstrip is located approximately one kilometre east of the minesite within the
surface lease, allowing flights to and from the McArthur River property.
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CAMECO CORPORATION
McARTHUR RIVER OPERATION, NORTHERN SASKATCHEWAN, CANADA
NI 43-101 TECHNICAL REPORT
|
Figure 4 McArthur River Site Regional Location and Roads
The climate is typical of the continental sub-arctic region of northern Saskatchewan.
Summers are short and rather cool, even though daily temperatures can reach above 300
C on occasion. Mean daily maximum temperatures of the warmest months are around
200 C and only three months on average have mean daily temperature of
100 C or more. The winters are cold and dry with mean daily temperature for the
coldest month below minus 200 C. Winter daily temperatures can reach below minus
400 C on occasion.
Freezing of surrounding lakes, in most years, begins in November and breakup occurs around
the middle of May. The average frost-free period is approximately 90 days.
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CAMECO CORPORATION
McARTHUR RIVER OPERATION, NORTHERN SASKATCHEWAN, CANADA
NI 43-101 TECHNICAL REPORT
|
Average annual total precipitation for the region is approximately 450 mm, of which 70%
falls as rain, more than half occurring from June to September. Snow may occur in all
months but rarely falls in July or August. The prevailing annual wind direction is from the
west with a mean speed of 12 km/h.
Site operations are carried out throughout the year despite cold winter conditions. The
fresh air necessary to ventilate the underground workings is heated during the winter
months using propane-fired burners.
The McArthur River project lies within the Athabasca South Eco-District of the Northern
Boreal Eco-Region. The vegetation at the McArthur River property are typical of the taiga
forested land common to the Athabasca basin area of northern Saskatchewan. The topography
in the region is dominated by large scale drumlins, which locally can have relief of 100 m
above the surrounding lakes. Overburden thickness over the deposit is approximately 10 m.
The terrain consists primarily of sandy rolling hills which are separated by a number of
low-lying areas filled with lakes, creeks, and muskegs.
The dominant upland forest type is a semi-open jack pine forest with an understory of
lichens and blueberries. The moister lowlands are predominated by open black spruce and
tamarack stands with an understory of mosses and Labrador tea. Major forest fires have
covered most of the McArthur River area over the last 20 years and have modified the local
vegetation.
The minesite elevation is approximately 550 masl.
|
5.4 |
|
Local Resources and Proximity to Population Centre |
No communities are located in the immediate vicinity of either the McArthur River or Key
Lake operations. The closest community to the two operations is the village of Pinehouse,
240 km south of the Key Lake site by gravel Provincial Road 214. The McArthur River
minesite is a further 80 km north from the Key Lake site via a Cameco maintained gravel
road.
Employees commute from a number of designated communities by air. Most company employees
are on a week-in and week-off schedule. Contractor employees are generally on a longer work
schedule.
Athabasca Basin community residents fly from various pick-up points in smaller airplanes to
the minesite. Southern resident employees fly to the site from
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McARTHUR RIVER OPERATION, NORTHERN SASKATCHEWAN, CANADA
NI 43-101 TECHNICAL REPORT
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Saskatoon with stop-over
pick-up points in Prince Albert and La Ronge. The number of weekly flights varies with the
size of the workforce.
Personnel are recruited on a preferential basis: initially from the communities of northern
Saskatchewan, followed by the province of Saskatchewan generally, and then from outside the
province. Personnel are flown to site from the northern area communities and major
Saskatchewan population centres such as Saskatoon.
Site activities such as construction work and mine development work are performed by
northern owned or joint venture contactors and major contractors that have the ability to
hire qualified personnel from the major mining regions across Saskatchewan and Canada.
Cameco personnel conduct all production functions.
The McArthur River site is linked by road and by air to the rest of the province of
Saskatchewan facilitating easy access to any population centre for purchasing of goods at
competitive prices. Saskatoon is a major population centre some 620 km south of the
McArthur River mine with highway and air links to the rest of North America.
McArthur River is a developed producing property, with sufficient surface rights to meet
all of its mining operation needs as well as sufficient site facilities and infrastructure.
Site facilities include a 1600 m long gravel airstrip and air terminal, permanent residence
and recreation complex, administration and maintenance shops building, warehouse, water
treatment plant and ponds, freeze plant, concrete batch plant, Pollock, No. 2, and No. 3
Shaft headframes and hoisthouses, site roads, powerhouse, electrical substations, ore
loadout building, fresh water pumphouse and miscellaneous infrastructure.
Power to the McArthur River site is provided by a SaskPower 10 km long 138 kV feeder line
from the main power transmission line. There are standby generators in case of grid power
interruption.
The McArthur River mine site has access to sufficient water from nearby Toby Lake to
satisfy all industrial and residential water requirements.
No tailings management facilities are required as McArthur River ore is sent to the Key
Lake mill for processing. Processing facilities at Key Lake are discussed in Section 16.3.
Tailings management facilities at Key Lake are discussed in Section 18.5.3.
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CAMECO CORPORATION
McARTHUR RIVER OPERATION, NORTHERN SASKATCHEWAN, CANADA
NI 43-101 TECHNICAL REPORT
|
Waste rock piles from the excavation of the three shafts and all underground development
are confined to a small footprint within the surface lease. Waste piles have been
segregated into three separate areas: clean waste, mineralized waste (>0.03%
U3O8) and potentially acid generating waste (PAG). The latter two
stockpiles are contained on engineered lined pads. The clean waste piles include piles for
mine development waste, crushed waste, and various piles for concrete aggregate and
backfill. Waste rock management is discussed in Section 18.5.3.
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CAMECO CORPORATION
McARTHUR RIVER OPERATION, NORTHERN SASKATCHEWAN, CANADA
NI 43-101 TECHNICAL REPORT
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There have been numerous changes in ownership of participating interests in the joint
venture that governs the McArthur River property. The current owners, and their
participating interests in the MRJV are as follows: Cameco has a direct and indirect
participating interest of 69.805% and AREVA has a direct and indirect participating
interest of 30.195%.
The original joint venture was established in 1976 between Canadian Kelvin Resources Ltd.
and Asamera Oil Corporation Ltd. (Asamera) to explore the Keefe Lake area. Asamera was the
operator of the joint venture. In 1977, SMDC, a predecessor company to Cameco, acquired a
50% interest in the joint venture.
Around 1979, the Keefe Lake Joint Venture proceeded to divide the Keefe Lake area into
three separate project areas of Dawn Lake, McArthur River and Waterbury Lake (which
includes a portion of the lands now known as Cigar Lake).
Effective January 1, 1980, a joint venture agreement was entered into to govern exploration
of the McArthur River area and SMDC, holding a 50.75% participating interest in the joint
venture at that time, was appointed the operator of the MRJV.
Between 1980 and 1988, SMDC was involved in a number of transactions of sales and purchases
of participating interests in the MRJV.
In 1988, Eldorado Resources Limited merged with SMDC to form Cameco. In connection with
that merger transaction, SMDC assigned to Cameco its 43.991% participating interest in the
MRJV and Cameco became the operator of the MRJV.
In 1992, Cameco acquired an additional 10.0% participating interest in the MRJV and in
1995, Cameco entered into two transactions with Uranerz Exploration and Mining Limited
(Uranerz) that resulted in Cameco holding, in total, a 55.844% participating interest in
the MRJV.
Since 1995, there have been two significant changes in ownership in the MRJV:
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McARTHUR RIVER OPERATION, NORTHERN SASKATCHEWAN, CANADA
NI 43-101 TECHNICAL REPORT
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in 1998, Cameco bought all of the shares of Uranerz (and changed Uranerzs name to
UEM Inc.), thereby increasing its direct and indirect participating interest in the
MRJV to 83.766%; and |
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|
in 1999, AREVA acquired one-half of the shares of UEM Inc., thereby reducing
Camecos direct and indirect participating interest in the MRJV to 69.805% and
increasing AREVAs direct and indirect participating interest in the MRJV to 30.195%. |
|
6.2 |
|
Exploration and Development History |
Cameco, through its predecessor company, SMDC, became operator of the McArthur River
project in 1980. Surface exploration programs, ranging from small line cutting crews to
large helicopter supported drilling and prospecting camps, were active from 1980 through to
1992.
The McArthur River deposit was discovered by surface drilling in 1988. Additional surface
diamond drilling from 1988 to 1992 further delineated the ore zone. Mineralization occurs
at depths of 500 m to 640 m and is hosted in both the Athabasca sandstones and the
underlying Aphebian metasedimentary gneisses. A graphitic, southeast dipping thrust fault
is the source of a coincident electromagnetic conductor. The deposit does not have the
extensive clay alteration halo or the cobalt-nickel-arsenide mineral association common to
many other Saskatchewan uranium deposits.
In 1993, an underground exploration program, consisting of shaft sinking, lateral
development, and diamond drilling was approved by government agencies. Approvals for mine
construction and development were obtained in 1997. First production was achieved in
December 1999.
Construction and development of the McArthur River mine was completed on schedule and
mining commenced in December 1999. Commercial production was achieved on November 1, 2000.
The McArthur River deposit, originally called P2 North, is on the P2 grid situated on the
north western boundary of the property (see Figure 5). Other significant, but sub-economic
discoveries which are located on the property include the Harrigan Zone, the BJ Zone, and
P2 Main. A brief history of exploration on the P2 grid is discussed below.
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CAMECO CORPORATION
McARTHUR RIVER OPERATION, NORTHERN SASKATCHEWAN, CANADA
NI 43-101 TECHNICAL REPORT
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6.2.2 |
|
P2 Grid Exploration History |
Routine prospecting in 1980 and 1981 discovered radioactive boulders about 10 km southwest
of the McArthur River deposit. Although an on-property source for these boulders has never
been proven, they did help to intensify exploration efforts in this portion of the
property. Exploration on the P2 grid accelerated in 1984 following the detection of a
basement conductor with reconnaissance geophysical surveying. Definition of the entire P2
conductor was completed in 1986. The open ended conductor extended for 12 km on the property and became a high
priority exploration target.
In 1985, drilling on the P2 conductor resulted in the discovery of the P2 Main sandstone
hosted mineralization, associated with a major fault zone. Additional drilling to 1988
defined a 500 m long, sub-economic zone of mineralization with the best intersection being
1.38% U3O8 over 7.3 m.
In the summer of 1988, drilling along the northern portion of the conductor encountered
structural disruption and sandstone alteration in hole MAC-195. MAC-196 was collared about
100 m to the west and intersected weak sandstone hosted mineralization, with
characteristics similar to P2 Main. The next hole, 100 m north, intersected a similar but
wider zone of mineralization. The last hole of the year, MAC-198, encountered the
unconformity much higher than expected, but 65 m deeper it passed back into sandstone and
intersected a 10 m thick zone of high-grade mineralization along the faulted
basement/sandstone contact. Subsequent surface drilling programs in 1989, 1990, 1991, and
1992 delineated the mineralized zone over a strike length of 1,700 m and occurring at
depths ranging between 500 m and 640 m. Since 1993 over 630 underground drill holes,
totalling in excess of 56,000 m, have since provided detailed information for 750 m of the
strike length. Over 1,400 additional underground diamond drill holes, totalling 85,000 m,
were drilled for geotechnical information; probe and grout covers; service and drain holes;
and freeze holes. Four distinct mineralized zones, identified as Zones 1, 2, 3, and 4, have
been defined to date. Two additional Zones, A and B, are on the northern portion of the
deposit and are indicated by surface drill holes only.
Diamond drilling to evaluate the P2 trend north of the McArthur River mine has been ongoing
since 2004. As at December 31, 2008, approximately 80 surface drill holes totalling in
excess of 42,000 m, comprising a combination of conventional and directional drilling, have
tested the P2 structure at approximately 200 m intervals for a distance of 4.3 km north of
the mine.
The exploration program for 2008 was a continuation of the brownfield drilling program
which commenced in 2004. The area of focus was along the P2 trend
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CAMECO CORPORATION
McARTHUR RIVER OPERATION, NORTHERN SASKATCHEWAN, CANADA
NI 43-101 TECHNICAL REPORT
|
to the north of Zone B.
2008 marked the second year of a three year accelerated brownfield exploration program
with the goal to evaluate the full potential of the entire P2 trend.
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CAMECO CORPORATION
McARTHUR RIVER OPERATION, NORTHERN SASKATCHEWAN, CANADA
NI 43-101 TECHNICAL REPORT
|
Figure 5 P2 Grid Map
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CAMECO CORPORATION
McARTHUR RIVER OPERATION, NORTHERN SASKATCHEWAN, CANADA
NI 43-101 TECHNICAL REPORT
|
|
6.3 |
|
Historical Mineral Resource and Mineral Reserve Estimates |
The original McArthur River resource estimates were derived from surface diamond drilling.
The drill hole data consists of assay results from 42 drill holes compiled with all relevant
geological and technical data. The very high grade encountered in these drill holes
justified the development of an underground exploration project. National Instrument 43-101
defines historical estimate as an estimate of mineral resources or mineral reserves
prepared prior to February 1, 2001. Unless specified, reported estimates are for the
McArthur River operation on a 100% basis and not solely for Camecos share thereof.
6.3.1 |
|
Historical Estimates 1991 - 2000 |
McArthur River Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves published in Cameco Annual Reports for
year-ends 1991 to 2000 were estimated and disclosed prior to the adoption of NI 43-101 and
should be considered as historical. Except for 2000 year-end, they were not classified in
compliance with NI 43-101. Their classifications as geological reserves or mineable
reserves do not conform to the current CIM Definitions Standards for Mineral Resources and
Reserves since the categories used at the time are not acceptable today. In todays
terminology, they would likely be equivalent to Mineral Resources or Mineral Reserves
but still lacking proper resource and reserve sub-classification., These historical
estimates are reported for historical purposes only. Except for the November 1995 historical
resource model based on the pre-1992 surface drillholes, the historical estimates are not
relevant or reliable as they have been superseded by a number of updated mineral resources
and mineral reserves disclosures.
Geological reserves reported by Cameco for year-ends 1991 to 1994 are shown on Table 6-1.
The estimates were based on 44 surface holes covering sections 7600N to 9300N. They were
done using a cross-sectional method and a cut-off grade of 0.50% U3O8.
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CAMECO CORPORATION
McARTHUR RIVER OPERATION, NORTHERN SASKATCHEWAN, CANADA
NI 43-101 TECHNICAL REPORT
|
Table 6-1: Historical Resource Estimate Cameco, October 1991
|
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|
|
|
|
Tonnes |
|
Grade |
|
Lbs U3O8 |
Year-ends |
|
Type |
|
(x 1000) |
|
% U3O8 |
|
(millions) |
|
|
1991-1994 |
|
|
Geological Reserves |
|
|
2,370 |
|
|
|
5.0 |
|
|
|
260 |
|
Notes:
|
|
|
(1) |
|
See the cautionary statements for historical estimates in the first
paragraph of Section 6.3.1. |
|
(2) |
|
The necessary work to verify this historical estimate, its
classifications and assumptions has not been completed. As such, this
historical estimate should not be relied upon. It may not be equivalent to
current classification definitions. |
In November 1995, Cameco announced the results of an updated estimate of geological
reserves and mineable reserves. They are based on 37 surface holes and 50 underground
diamond drill holes intersections above a cut-off of 0.5% U3O8 on
sections 7600N to 9300N. The 1995 historical estimates are listed on Table 6-2. In Cameco
Annual Report for year-end 1995 geological reserves and mineable reserves were reported
respectively as resources and reserves. The geological reserves were defined by a
cross-sectional method on 21 vertical sections spaced at 50m and 100 m. The qualified person
for this section, Alain G. Mainville, has verified the data, assumptions and methodology for
the November 1995 estimate of geological reserves, and found the estimate not relevant but
reliable as a basis to report remaining mineral inferred resources defined by the pre-1993
surface drilling. As additional underground and surface drilling was added over the years,
the mineral resources for the areas not drilled since 1992 were reported from the November
1995 resource model. The underground drilling, from which the mineable reserves were
defined, was contained within the area between mine grid Northing 8125N and 8450N.
Table 6-2: Historical Resource & Reserve Estimates Cameco, November 1995
|
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|
|
Tonnes |
|
Grade |
|
Lbs U3O8 |
Year-ends |
|
Type |
|
(x 1000) |
|
% U3O8 |
|
(millions) |
|
1995-1997
|
|
Mineable Reserves
|
|
|
365.7 |
|
|
|
19.06 |
|
|
|
153.7 |
|
|
|
Geological Reserves
|
|
|
859.0 |
|
|
|
12.02 |
|
|
|
227.8 |
|
Notes:
|
|
|
(1) |
|
See the cautionary statements for historical estimates in the first
paragraph of Section 6.3.1. |
|
(2) |
|
The necessary work to verify the historical mineable reserves
estimate, its classifications and assumptions has not been completed. As
such, the historical mineable reserves estimate should not be relied upon.
It may not be equivalent to current classification definitions. |
The historical reserves and resources published by Cameco at the end of 1998 and 1999 are
presented on Table 6-3. They are the result of a 3-year program of underground drilling in
the area between 8187N and 8307N defined as Zone 2.
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February 16, 2009
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CAMECO CORPORATION
McARTHUR RIVER OPERATION, NORTHERN SASKATCHEWAN, CANADA
NI 43-101 TECHNICAL REPORT
|
Table 6-3: Historical Resource & Reserve Estimates Cameco, December 1998
|
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|
|
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Tonnes |
|
Grade |
|
Lbs U3O8 |
Year-ends |
|
Type |
|
(x 1000) |
|
% U3O8 |
|
(millions) |
|
|
1998-1999 |
|
|
Proven Reserves |
|
|
505.0 |
|
|
|
22.15 |
|
|
|
246.5 |
|
|
|
|
|
Probable Reserves |
|
|
163.0 |
|
|
|
2.42 |
|
|
|
8.7 |
|
|
|
|
|
Total Reserves |
|
|
668.0 |
|
|
|
17.33 |
|
|
|
255.2 |
|
|
|
|
|
Indicated Resources |
|
|
859.0 |
|
|
|
12.02 |
|
|
|
227.8 |
|
Notes:
|
|
|
(1) |
|
See the cautionary statements for historical estimates in the first
paragraph of Section 6.3.1. |
|
(2) |
|
The necessary work to verify this historical reserves estimate, its
classifications and assumptions has not been completed. As such, this
historical reserves estimate should not be relied upon. It may not be
equivalent to current classification definitions. |
McArthur River Mineral Resources and Reserves, published in Cameco Annual
Report for year-end 2000 and listed on Table 6-4 are historical estimates.
The classification of mineral resources and reserves and the subcategories
of each, conformed to the definitions prescribed in the proposed NI 43-101
dated November 17, 2000 and defined by the Canadian Institute of Mining,
Metallurgy and Petroleum as the CIM Definition Standards on Mineral
Resources and Mineral Reserves and adopted by CIM Council on August 20,
2000. The year-end 2000 Mineral Reserves and Resources estimates reflected
additional drilling in Zones 1, 2, 3 and 4, along with a density adjustment
based on mining production during 2000. They are not relevant and reliable
as they have been superseded with a number of updated mineral resources and
reserves disclosures.
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CAMECO CORPORATION
McARTHUR RIVER OPERATION, NORTHERN SASKATCHEWAN, CANADA
NI 43-101 TECHNICAL REPORT
|
Table 6-4: Historical Resource & Reserve Estimates Cameco, December 2000
|
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|
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Tonnes |
|
Grade |
|
Lbs U3O8 |
Year-end |
|
Type |
|
(x 1000) |
|
% U3O8 |
|
(millions) |
|
|
2000 |
|
|
Proven Reserves |
|
|
768.0 |
|
|
|
21.00 |
|
|
|
355.5 |
|
|
|
|
|
Probable Reserves |
|
|
77.0 |
|
|
|
23.04 |
|
|
|
39.0 |
|
|
|
|
|
Total Reserves |
|
|
845.0 |
|
|
|
21.18 |
|
|
|
394.5 |
|
|
|
|
|
Indicated Resources |
|
|
614.0 |
|
|
|
10.74 |
|
|
|
145.4 |
|
|
|
|
|
Notes: |
|
(1) See the cautionary statements for historical estimates in the first
paragraph of Section 6.3.1. |
|
|
|
(2) The necessary work to verify this historical reserves estimate, its
classifications and assumptions has not been completed. As such, this
historical reserves estimate should not be relied upon. It may not be
equivalent to current classification definitions. |
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CAMECO CORPORATION
McARTHUR RIVER OPERATION, NORTHERN SASKATCHEWAN, CANADA
NI 43-101 TECHNICAL REPORT
|
|
6.4 |
|
Historical Production |
The McArthur River operation received its first operating licence in October 1999 from the
AECB who later became CNSC. The underground development completed in 1999 was sufficient to
allow production mining to begin in the fourth quarter. Mine production was ramped up over
the next two years to just under the operating license limit of 18.718 million pounds of
U3O8 per year (see Table 6-5). During 2008 Camecos share of the mine
production was 12.2 million pounds U3O8 and portions of it remained
stockpiled.
Table 6-5 McArthur River Historical U3O8 Mine Production
|
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|
|
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|
|
|
|
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|
|
|
|
|
|
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Camecos |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
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|
|
Share |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Tonnes |
|
Grade |
|
Lbs U3O8 |
|
Lbs U3O8 |
|
|
Year |
|
(x 1000) |
|
% U3O8 |
|
(millions) |
|
(millions) |
|
Comments |
|
|
1999 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
One production raise mined »50,000lbs
U3O8. Pounds carried over to 2000. |
|
2000 |
|
|
|
43.7 |
|
|
|
11.6 |
|
|
|
11.174 |
|
|
|
7.800 |
|
|
|
|
2001 |
|
|
|
48.0 |
|
|
|
16.2 |
|
|
|
17.166 |
|
|
|
11.983 |
|
|
|
|
2002 |
|
|
|
52.5 |
|
|
|
16.0 |
|
|
|
18.524 |
|
|
|
12.931 |
|
|
|
|
2003 |
|
|
|
45.4 |
|
|
|
15.2 |
|
|
|
15.243 |
|
|
|
10.641 |
|
|
Three-month shutdown due to water inflow event. |
|
2004 |
|
|
|
55.9 |
|
|
|
15.2 |
|
|
|
18.699 |
|
|
|
13.053 |
|
|
|
|
2005 |
|
|
|
60.4 |
|
|
|
13.9 |
|
|
|
18.512 |
|
|
|
12.922 |
|
|
|
|
2006 |
|
|
|
57.6 |
|
|
|
14.7 |
|
|
|
18.698 |
|
|
|
13.052 |
|
|
|
|
2007 |
|
|
|
59.6 |
|
|
|
14.2 |
|
|
|
18.718 |
|
|
|
13.066 |
|
|
|
|
2008 |
|
|
|
53.2 |
|
|
|
14.9 |
|
|
|
17.502 |
|
|
|
12.218 |
|
|
|
TOTAL |
|
|
476.3 |
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|
|
14.7 |
|
|
|
154.236 |
|
|
|
107.666 |
|
|
|
Camecos share of production of U3O8 at
McArthur River/Key Lake was
11.6 million pounds for 2008, 0.4 million pounds less than the previous estimate of 12.0
million pounds. The production shortfall resulted from various process and equipment
problems experienced at Key Lake. The problems encountered were corrected and Camecos
share of production for 2009 is expected to be 13.1 million pounds. Average metallurgical
mill recovery for 2008 was 98.34%.
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CAMECO CORPORATION
McARTHUR RIVER OPERATION, NORTHERN SASKATCHEWAN, CANADA
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The McArthur River deposit is located in the south-eastern portion of the Athabasca Basin,
within the south-west part of the Churchill structural province of the Canadian Shield.
The Wollaston Domain, together with the Mudjatik Domain and the Virgin River Domain, form
the Cree Lake Mobile Zone of the Churchill Structural Province (Lewry et al., 1978). The
McArthur River area overlies the Wollaston Domain, near the contact with the Mudjatik Domain
(see Figure 6). In general terms, the Wollaston Domain consists of Archean granitoid
gneisses overlain by an assemblage of Aphebian pelitic, semipelitic, and arkosic gneisses,
with minor interlayered calc-silicates and quartzites. These rocks are overlain by an upper
assemblage of semipelitic and arkosic gneisses with magnetite bearing units. The major
uranium deposits of the eastern Athabasca region, including McArthur River, are associated
with graphitic members of the lower assemblage. The majority of the Wollaston Domain rocks
have been influenced by mid to upper amphibolite facies metamorphism.
The Wollaston Domain basement rocks are unconformably overlain by flat lying,
unmetamorphosed sandstones, and conglomerates of the Helikian Athabasca Group which is a
major aquifer in the area.
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McARTHUR RIVER OPERATION, NORTHERN SASKATCHEWAN, CANADA
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Figure 6 McArthur River Property, Regional Geology
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McARTHUR RIVER OPERATION, NORTHERN SASKATCHEWAN, CANADA
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The McArthur River mineralization, generally occurring at depths ranging from 500 m to 640
m, is structurally controlled by the northeast-southwest trending (45o azimuth)
P2 reverse fault which dips 40-65o to the southeast. In the deposit area, the
fault has thrust a sequence of Paleoproterozoic graphitic metasedimentary rocks into the
overlying late Paleoproterozic (Helikian) Athabasca Group sediments. The vertical
displacement of the thrust fault exceeds 80 m at the northeast end of the deposit
decreasing to 60 m at the southwest end.
The sub-Athabasca basement consists of two distinct metasedimentary sequences: a
hanging-wall pelitic sequence of cordierite- and graphite-bearing pelitic and psammopelitic
gneiss with minor meta-arkose and calc-silicate gneisses, and a sequence consisting of
quartzite and silicified metaarkose and rare pelitic gneisses.
The Wollaston Domain stratigraphy in the deposit area has been divided by the mine geology
staff into three blocks, based on their lithological and structural characteristics.
Uppermost is the Hanging Wall Block, consisting of biotite and garnet gneiss, and
calcsilicate. The Middle Block consists of cordierite gneiss, graphitic cordierite gneiss,
biotite gneiss, and arkose. The main graphitic fault zone lies within the upper 20 m of the
Middle Block. Underlying these units is the Quartzite Block, consisting of massive to
faintly laminated quartzite. Quartzite was more resistive to erosion than the gneissic
units and as a result the quartzite exists at the unconformity as a paleotopographic ridge.
Pegmatite and granitic veins occur within all basement lithologies.
Athabasca Group rocks vary in thickness from 480 m over the hanging
wall to 560 m over the footwall and consist of the units A, B, C, and D of the Manitou Falls Formation (see Figure
7. A basal conglomerate containing pebbles and cobbles of quartzite unconformably overlies the crystalline rocks of the Wollaston
Group.
Six significant mineralized bodies (Zones 1, 2, 3, 4, A & B) are present, five of which are
located in the sandstone wedge of the footwall (see Figure 8). The Zone 2 orebody is
predominantly basement hosted and occurs largely in the footwall of the P2 reverse fault
(see Figure 7 and Figure 10). Over 150 million pounds U3O8 were
extracted from Zone 2. It contains one third of the current McArthur River uranium Mineral
Reserves.
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CAMECO CORPORATION
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The major structural feature of the deposit is the P2 fault; however, a series of steeply
dipping, east-southeastwest-northwest transcurrent faults (100°110°) are also present.
Those faults locally displace mineralization (see Figure 9).
lteration minerals in the sandstone are mostly quartz, kaolinite, chlorite, and dravite.
Basement alteration includes illite, chlorite, and dravite, with local apatite and
carbonate. The unusual characteristics of this mineralization include an abrupt transition
from weakly altered basement host rock to intense chlorite alteration and monomineralic
high-grade uranium mineralization over distances of less than a metre. Two uranium-rich
whole-rock samples were dated by the U/Pb method and provided upper intercept discordia
ages of 1348 ± 16 and 1521 ± 8 Ma, the older being interpreted as the age of the primary
uranium mineralization and the younger as the age of a remobilization event.
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CAMECO CORPORATION
McARTHUR RIVER OPERATION, NORTHERN SASKATCHEWAN, CANADA
NI 43-101 TECHNICAL REPORT
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Figure 7 McArthur River Deposit Schematic Cross-Section
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NI 43-101 TECHNICAL REPORT
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The northeast trending P2 thrust fault is the dominant structural feature of the McArthur
River deposit (see Figure 8 and Figure 10). As a general rule, thrust faulting occurs along
several graphite-rich fault planes within the upper 20 m of the Middle Block basement
rocks. These faults parallel the basement foliation and rarely exceed one metre in width.
Structural disruption is more severe in the overlying brittle and flat lying sandstone,
evidenced by broad zones of fracturing and brecciation. Zone 4 mineralization is typical
for the majority of the deposit, occurring in the vicinity of the main graphitic fault
zone, at or near the contact between the upthrust basement rocks and the Athabasca
sandstone. The tectonic setting for Zone 2 differs from the remainder of the deposit. At
Zone 2, the Quartzite Block occurs within 50 m of the main graphitic fault zone, closer
than anywhere else on the deposit. While the movement along the thrust fault is limited to
the main graphitic unit over the remainder of the deposit, at Zone 2 the entire middle
block is also uplifted, appearing to ride along the eastern slope of the quartzite ridge.
Zone 2 mineralization is almost entirely hosted within this structurally disrupted Middle
Block.
Two sets of cross faults are present at McArthur River, they strike at 100-110o
and at 160-170o, both steeply dipping and generally within 30o of
vertical. Although displacement across these faults appears to be relatively minor, they
are interpreted to have had a significant impact on the orebody, often truncating zones of
high-grade mineralization. Figure 9 is a plan view of the 950 m elevation illustrating the
interpreted 100-110o faults.
A significant vertical fault developed, at least locally, in the Zone 2 area. The faulted
zone along the eastern edge of the Quartzite Block exists as a zone of very weak ground,
consisting of sand, clay, and high pressure water that has proven very difficult to drill.
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NI 43-101 TECHNICAL REPORT
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Figure 8 Underground Development and Mineralized Zones from Drilling
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NI 43-101 TECHNICAL REPORT
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Figure 9 Plan View of Zone 2
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CAMECO CORPORATION
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NI 43-101 TECHNICAL REPORT
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As in most Athabasca basin deposits, host rock alteration has played a critical role in the
development of rock strength and geochemistry.
The most relevant aspects of alteration in terms of mining and development of the deposit
are:
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the effect of alteration on ground stability, particularly when associated with
tectonism, |
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the relationship between alteration and groundwater movement, and, |
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the effect of alteration on rock chemistry particularly waste rock and its acid
generating capability. |
Although all rocks at McArthur River are altered to some degree, the alteration is strongest
in or near faults, often associated with mineralization. The nature and effect of the
alteration also varies depending on rock type or location. For example, strong clay
alteration greatly decreases rock strength while at the same time impeding the flow of water
in fault zones. From a mining perspective, this is both a positive and negative effect.
Pervasive silicification is the predominant alteration characteristic of the sandstone.
Intensity of silicification increases 375 m below surface and continues to the unconformity.
While this process reduced permeability of the sandstone in general, and prevented
development of a clay alteration halo around the mineralization, this brittle sandstone is
strongly fractured along the path of the main fault zone. Ground conditions in this area are
poor, with high fracture density and permeability.
In the pelitic hanging wall basement rocks above the thrust fault, chloritization is common.
Graphitic zones and clay filled faults require appropriate ground control. Pyrite-bearing
rocks, often associated with graphitic units, require proper waste rock management to
control potential acid mine drainage.
Similarly, in the basement hosted Zone 2, the overlying gneisses are strongly chloritized,
intensely dravitized, and bleached in areas. The contact with the underlying
quartzite is typically faulted and highly altered, resulting in poor ground conditions and
high permeability. This area has been frozen prior to mining.
A final zone of alteration is the paleoweathered surface of the basement. This zone extends
for varying depths from the unconformity downwards and is common throughout the basin. At
McArthur River the paleoweathered zone is generally hard, competent, and hematized. The zone
is thicker and more conspicuous in the footwall
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CAMECO CORPORATION
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NI 43-101 TECHNICAL REPORT
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basement rocks, hydrothermal alteration
having overprinted much of the paleoweathering profile in the hanging wall basement wedge.
7.4 Property Geology
All of the McArthur River ore zones are associated with the graphitic P2 thrust fault. With
the exception of Zone 2, most of the mineralization in Zones 1, 3, 4, A and B occurs in both
the Athabasca sandstone and adjacent basement rocks, near the main zone of thrust faulting.
Mineralization is generally within 15 m of the basement/sandstone contact with the exception
of Zone 2.
Zone 2 mineralization occurs deeper in the basement rock in a unique area of the deposit
(see Figure 10). At Zone 2, a massive footwall quartzite unit lies in close proximity to the
main zone of thrust faulting. The presence of this quartzite unit has resulted in a
structurally disrupted zone that has affected a wide block of the footwall basement rocks.
This 100 m long segment of the basement rock hosts the Zone 2 mineralization. To the north
and to the south, the quartzite unit trends away to the west and the tectonics of the thrust
fault returns to a more planer nature (Figure 10).
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CAMECO CORPORATION
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Figure 10 Typical Zone 2 Geological Section Looking North
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CAMECO CORPORATION
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McArthur River is an unconformity-associated uranium deposit. The geological model was
confirmed by underground drilling, development and production activities. Similar deposits
include: Rabbit Lake, Key Lake, Cluff Lake, Midwest Lake, McClean Lake, Cigar Lake and
Maurice Bay in the Athabasca uranium district (Saskatchewan, Canada), Kiggavik (Lone Gull)
Thelon Basin district (Nunavut, Canada), Jabiluka, Ranger, Koongarra and Nabarlek,
Alligator River district (Northern Territory, Australia). Although these deposits belong to
the unconformity-associated model, all are different. Uranium mineralization in the Nunavut
and Australian deposits is all hosted in the basement lithologies whereas in the Athabasca
deposits, mineralization is present in both the basement and overlying sandstone. Another
key difference is that the Athabasca deposits are of considerably higher grade.
Unconformity-associated uranium deposits comprise massive pods, veins, and/or
disseminations of uraninite spatially associated with unconformities between Proterozoic
siliciclastic basins and metamorphic basement. The siliciclastic basins are relatively
flat-lying, un-metamorphosed, late Paleoproterozoic to Mesoproterozoic, fluvial red-bed
strata. The underlying basement rocks comprise tectonically interleaved Paleoproterozoic
metasedimentary and Archean to Proterozoic granitoid rocks. Uranium as uraninite (commonly
in the form of pitchblende) is the sole commodity in the monometallic sub-type and
principle commodity in the polymetallic sub-type that includes variable amounts of Ni, Co,
As and traces of Au, Pt, Cu and other elements. Some deposits include both sub-types and
transitional types, with the monometallic tending to be basement-hosted, and the
polymetallic generally hosted by basal siliciclastic strata and paleo-weathered basement at
the unconformity.
Uranium minerals, generally pitchblende and coffinite, occur as fracture and breccia
fillings and disseminations in elongate, prismatic-shaped or tabular zones hosted by
sedimentary/metasedimentary rocks located below, above or across a major continental
unconformity. Orebodies may be tabular, pencil shaped or irregular in shape extending as
much as a few kilometres in length. Most deposits are limited to less than a 100 m below
the unconformity. The Jabiluka and Eagle Point deposits, however, are concordant within the
Lower Proterozoic host rocks and extend for several hundred metres below the unconformity.
Most deposits fill pore space or voids in breccias and vein stockworks. Some Saskatchewan
deposits are exceptionally rich with areas of massive pitchblende/coffinite. Features
such as drusy textures, crustification banding, colloform, botryoidal and dendritic
textures are present in some deposits. The
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CAMECO CORPORATION
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mineralogy of these deposits is typically
pitchblende (Th-poor uraninite), coffinite, uranophane, thucolite, brannerite, iron
sulphides, native gold, Co-Ni arsenides and sulpharsenides, selenides, tellurides,
vanadinites, jordesite (amorphous
molybdenite), vanadates, chalcopyrite, galena, sphalerite, native Ag and PGE. Some
deposits are simple with only pitchblende and coffinite, while others are complex and
contain Co-Ni arsenides and other metallic minerals. McArthur River fits into the simple
category as it is essentially monomineralic uraninite.
Typical alteration consists of chloritization, hematization, kaolinization, illitization,
and silicification. In most cases hematization is due to oxidation of ferrous iron bearing
minerals in the wallrocks caused by oxidizing mineralizing fluids. The intense brick-red
hematite adjacent to some high grade uranium ores is, however, probably due to loss of
electrons during radioactive disintegration of U and its daughter products. An interesting
feature of the clay alteration zone is the presence of pseudomorphs of high grade
metamorphic minerals, such as cordierite and garnet, in the retrograded basement wallrock.
The location of mineralization is controlled by a mid-Proterozoic unconformity and
favourable stratigraphic horizons within Lower Proterozoic host rocks. These strata are
commonly graphitic. Local and regional fault zones that intersect the unconformity are also
important features.
Deposits of this type are believed to have formed through an oxidation-reduction reaction
at a contact where oxygenated fluids meet reducing fluids. The unconformity provides that
contact. Graphitic faults like the P2 fault at McArthur River may have been the conduit for
the reducing fluids.
The geological setting at McArthur River is similar to that of Cigar Lake in that the
sandstone overlying the basement rocks of the deposit contains significant water at
hydrostatic pressure.
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Uranium mineralization has been delineated from surface drilling over a strike length of
1700 m and occurring at depths ranging between 500 m to 640 m below surface. Ore widths are
variable along strike but the most consistent, high grade mineralization occurs proximal to
the main graphitic thrust fault around the nose of the upthrust basement block. Less
consistent and generally lower grade mineralization occurs down dip along this fault
contact between basement rock and sandstone.
The P2 thrust fault is the most important mineralization control for the McArthur River
deposit. Uranium occurs in both the Athabasca sandstone and the overlying basement rock
near the main zone of thrust faulting. Mineralization is generally within 15 m of the
basement/sandstone contact with the exception of Zone 2. Less significant zones of
mineralization may occur further from the contact, usually in the sandstone, associated
with subsidiary fracture/fault zones or along the margins of flat lying siltstone beds.
Zone 2 mineralization occurs deeper in the basement rocks in a unique area of the deposit.
Here a footwall quartzite unit lies in close proximity to the main zone of thrust faulting.
In this area of structural disruption, high-grade mineralization occurs not only in the
hanging wall basement wedge but also overlies the footwall quartzite unit. The pelitic host
rock in this basement zone is relatively competent but strongly chloritized. The strike
extent of this deeper basement mineralization is approximately 100 m.
In general, the high-grade mineralization, characterized by botryoidal uraninite masses and
subhedral uraninite aggregates, constitutes the earliest phase of mineralization in the
deposit. Pyrite, chalcopyrite, and galena were also deposited during this initial
mineralizing event. Later stage, remobilized uraninite occurs as disseminations, veinlets,
and fracture coatings within chlorite breccia zones and along the margins of silt beds in
the Athabasca sandstone. Nickel, cobalt, and arsenic bearing minerals have only been
detected in trace amounts with the aid of a microscope.
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Mineral Lease ML-5516, which hosts the McArthur River deposit, sits on the western edge of
a block of 21 claims which comprise the McArthur River project.
10.1 Asamera 1976 1979
In September 1976, the Keefe-Henday Joint Venture was formed between Canadian Kelvin
Resources Ltd. and Asamera. This joint venture included all of what would later become the
Dawn Lake, Waterbury Lake (portions of which are now known as Cigar Lake), and McArthur
River projects. Asamera, as the operator, conducted various field investigations from 1976
to 1979, including airborne and ground geophysical surveys followed by lake sediment and
water sampling programs. Seventeen diamond drill holes were completed during the 1978 and
1979 campaigns on what is now known as the McArthur River property.
10.2 SMDC / Cameco 1980 1993
In January of 1980, SMDC took over as operator of the McArthur River project. During the
years 1980 to 1992, SMDC (which merged with Cameco in 1988) completed various airborne and
ground geophysical programs, lake sediment and water sampling programs, boulder
prospecting, and substantial diamond drilling.
Surface exploration on the McArthur River project was halted in 1993 with the shift in
focus to the development of the McArthur River mine. Refer to Section 6.2.2 P2 Grid
Exploration History, for a discussion of exploration drilling that resulted in the
discovery of the McArthur River deposit.
10.3 Recent Exploration 2000 Present
Surface exploration resumed on the McArthur River project in 2000 (see Table 10-1) after an
eight year hiatus in drilling (see Table 11-1). In 2000 2001, historic geological and
geophysical data was compiled and reassessed. Project-wide coverage by an airborne GEOTEM
survey and geochemical surveys over select portions of the project area were also
undertaken during this period.
During 2002 2004, airborne (magnetic gradiometer) and ground (resistivity, gravity, TDEM
and AMT) geophysical surveys refined the basement geology
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along the P2 trend. Diamond drilling during this period predominantly focused on the P2
trend both to the north and south of the mine. A total of 7,400 m in 14 holes were drilled
in this three year period. Positive drill results from 0.1% over 1.0 m to 12.1%
U3O8 over 30 m north of the Pollock Shaft, culminated in the
definition of Zone A.
Consecutive diamond drill programs (2005 2008) have continued to evaluate the P2 trend,
north of the current underground workings. During this period almost 39,000 m was drilled
in 70 drill holes comprising a combination of conventional and directional drilling. In
2005, systematic surface diamond drilling to evaluate the P2 trend north of the McArthur
River mine commenced. The P2 structure has now been tested at approximately 200 m intervals
for a distance of four kilometres north of the mine. Results continue to be encouraging.
High-grade mineralization (including 36% U3O8 over 30 m) was
encountered 500 m north of Zone A and low-grade mineralization, intersected by multiple
holes, a further 600 m along strike of the P2 trend. Drill definition of this
mineralization (Zone B), as well as continuation of the drill testing of the northern
strike of the P2 trend, is on-going.
Exploration efforts over the past several years have demonstrated that the P2 trend is
still a prime target for finding additional high-grade deposits. As currently defined, the
P2 trend extends for 18 km but has only been adequately tested from surface for
approximately 6.0 km leaving 65% of this highly prospective trend untested or significantly
under-tested. The positive drill results encountered over the last several years confirm
that the potential for significant uranium mineralization is still present along strike to
the north and south.
The focus in 2009 is for underground drilling in the south of Zone 4, labelled Zone 4
South, and conversion of Mineral Resources to Mineral Reserves. Tunnelling of a north
exploration drift was initiated in 2007 to follow-up on the surface exploration drilling
results. The north exploration development will likely continue in 2010, followed by an
underground diamond-drilling program to delineate Zones A and B, previously identified from
surface, in order to develop mine plans (See
Surface drill testing of the regional P2 fault structure north of the mine will be
completed by the first quarter of 2009. Systematic surface evaluation of the P2 fault
structure south of the mine, by designed 200 m spaced drillhole coverage, is planned for
consecutive diamond drill programs in 2009 2010.
The 2009 budget for underground delineation diamond drilling is for 6,500 m. This includes
approximately 5,000 m (50 holes) for Zone 4 South and 1,500 m (15 holes) for Zone 1.
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CAMECO CORPORATION
McARTHUR RIVER OPERATION, NORTHERN SASKATCHEWAN, CANADA
NI 43-101 TECHNICAL REPORT
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Table 10-1: Summary of Surface Exploration at McArthur River 2000 2008
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Drilling |
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Airborne Geophysics |
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Ground Geophysics |
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Other Exploration |
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Metres |
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Length |
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Year |
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Type |
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No. Holes |
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Drilled |
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Type |
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Line (km) |
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Type |
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(km) |
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Type |
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2000 |
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Compilation, Historical drillcore logging and sampling, Soil gas |
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2001 |
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GEOTEM |
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1,533 |
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Compilation, Historical drillcore logging and sampling, Soil gas |
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2002 |
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Core |
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4 |
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2,618 |
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Gravity |
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19.3 |
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Compilation, Historical drillcore logging and sampling |
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Pole-Dipole |
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21.6 |
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Resistivity |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
AMT -Audio magnetotellurics |
|
68 Stations |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2003 |
|
Core |
|
|
2 |
|
|
|
1,299 |
|
|
Triaxial |
|
|
1,176 |
|
|
Fixed Loop TEM |
|
|
38.2 |
|
|
Historical |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Gradiometer |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
drillcore logging |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
and sampling, SPOT5 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Satellite Imagery |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Pole-pole |
|
|
12.3 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
resistivity |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2004 |
|
Core |
|
|
8 |
|
|
|
3,481 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Fixed Loop TEM |
|
|
137 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
In-loop Soundings |
|
|
23.1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
2005 |
|
Core |
|
|
5 |
|
|
|
3,309 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2006 |
|
Core |
|
|
10 |
|
|
|
5,361 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
LIDAR DEM survey, Historical drillcore logging and sampling |
|
2007 |
|
Core |
|
|
25 |
|
|
|
13,840 |
|
|
Triaxial |
|
|
4,457 |
|
|
Fixed Loop TEM |
|
|
332.6 |
|
|
Compilation, |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Gradiometer |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Historical |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
drillcore logging |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
and sampling |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
In-loop Soundings |
|
|
3.45 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
2008 |
|
Core |
|
|
30 |
|
|
|
16,479 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total |
|
|
|
|
|
|
84 |
|
|
|
41,026 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
5,633 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
584.2 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
February 16, 2009
|
|
Page 66 of 207 |
|
|
|
|
|
CAMECO CORPORATION
McARTHUR RIVER OPERATION, NORTHERN SASKATCHEWAN, CANADA
NI 43-101 TECHNICAL REPORT
|
Figure 11 Map of Surface Drilling
|
|
|
|
February 16, 2009
|
|
Page 67 of 207 |
|
|
|
|
|
CAMECO CORPORATION
McARTHUR RIVER OPERATION, NORTHERN SASKATCHEWAN, CANADA
NI 43-101 TECHNICAL REPORT
|
|
|
Surface drilling operations have been carried out by a variety of contractors since 2002.
Major Midwest Drilling Inc. (Midwest) of Flin Flon, Manitoba carried out the 2002 drill
program using a Boyles 38 drill mounted on skids and other ancillary equipment. Drill hole
deviation surveys were completed by Midwest using a Reflex EZ-SHOTä instrument. |
|
|
|
Boart Longyear Inc. (Longyear) of Saskatoon, Saskatchewan completed all diamond drilling
operations on the McArthur River operation between 2003 2006. One skid-mounted Longyear
50 drill and ancillary equipment was utilized for these drill programs. Longyear personnel
completed drill hole deviation surveys using a Reflex EZ-SHOTä instrument. |
|
|
|
Hy-Tech Drilling Ltd. (Hy-Tech) of Smithers, British Columbia, has carried out drilling
operations since 2007. Two skid mounted Tech-5000 drill rigs and ancillary equipment were
utilized for these drill programs. Hy-Tech personnel completed drill hole deviation surveys
using a Reflex EZ-SHOTä instrument |
|
|
|
A computer-coded core logging system was used for logging and storing drill core data.
Drill core data was collected and entered directly into IPAQ® Pocket PC and
PalmTM handheld organizers. Core radioactivity was measured and recorded using
an SRAT-SPP2 scintillometer. |
|
|
|
All holes were radiometrically probed with a combination of Mount Sopris logging equipment.
Probe selection was based on anticipated grades expected from visual and radiometric
examination of the core. All probing equipment is calibrated at the beginning of each field
season using reference pits containing known grades of uranium ore, at the Saskatchewan
Research Council (SRC) facilities in Saskatoon. |
|
|
|
All drill hole locations are verified in the field by differential GPS or in the case of
holes near the mine infrastructure by the mine site surveyors. The location of the surface
drill holes is shown on Figure 12. A summary of surface drilling by year is shown in Table
11-1. Holes are generally drilled on sections spaced at between 50 and 200 m with 12 to 25
m between holes on a section where necessary. Drilled depths average 670 m. Vertical holes
generally intersect the mineralization at angles of 25 to 45 degrees, resulting in true
widths being about 40% to 70% of the drilled width. Angled holes usually intercept the mineralized material
perpendicularly, giving true width. |
|
|
|
|
February 16, 2009
|
|
Page 68 of 207 |
|
|
|
|
|
CAMECO CORPORATION
McARTHUR RIVER OPERATION, NORTHERN SASKATCHEWAN, CANADA
NI 43-101 TECHNICAL REPORT
|
Figure 12 Surface Drill Collar Location Map
|
|
|
|
February 16, 2009
|
|
Page 69 of 207 |
|
|
|
|
|
CAMECO CORPORATION
McARTHUR RIVER OPERATION, NORTHERN SASKATCHEWAN, CANADA
NI 43-101 TECHNICAL REPORT
|
Table 11-1: Summary of Surface Drilling by Year
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
No. of |
|
Metres |
Year |
|
Company |
|
Holes |
|
Drilled |
1978 |
|
Asamera |
|
|
4 |
|
|
|
1,187 |
|
1979 |
|
Asamera |
|
|
13 |
|
|
|
2,764 |
|
1980 |
|
SMDC |
|
|
22 |
|
|
|
6,412 |
|
1981 |
|
SMDC |
|
|
42 |
|
|
|
10,731 |
|
1982 |
|
SMDC |
|
|
35 |
|
|
|
9,877 |
|
1983 |
|
SMDC |
|
|
19 |
|
|
|
7,445 |
|
1984 |
|
SMDC |
|
|
19 |
|
|
|
9,092 |
|
1985 |
|
SMDC |
|
|
17 |
|
|
|
8,766 |
|
1986 |
|
SMDC |
|
|
9 |
|
|
|
5,302 |
|
1987 |
|
SMDC |
|
|
29 |
|
|
|
16,123 |
|
1988 |
|
SMDC |
|
|
15 |
|
|
|
8,473 |
|
1989 |
|
Cameco |
|
|
14 |
|
|
|
9,118 |
|
1990 |
|
Cameco |
|
|
15 |
|
|
|
9,585 |
|
1991 |
|
Cameco |
|
|
15 |
|
|
|
9,330 |
|
1992 |
|
Cameco |
|
|
25 |
|
|
|
8,933 |
|
1996 |
|
Cameco |
|
|
3 |
|
|
|
1,662 |
|
2002 |
|
Cameco |
|
|
4 |
|
|
|
2,618 |
|
2003 |
|
Cameco |
|
|
2 |
|
|
|
1,299 |
|
2004 |
|
Cameco |
|
|
8 |
|
|
|
3,481 |
|
2005 |
|
Cameco |
|
|
5 |
|
|
|
3,309 |
|
2006 |
|
Cameco |
|
|
10 |
|
|
|
5361 |
|
2007 |
|
Cameco |
|
|
25 |
|
|
|
13,840 |
|
2008 |
|
Cameco |
|
|
30 |
|
|
|
16,479 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Totals |
|
|
|
|
|
|
380 |
|
|
|
161,857 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
11.2 |
|
Underground Drilling |
|
|
Underground delineation drilling began in 1994 using a 60 HP LM37 drill. It soon became
apparent that drilling conditions were extremely challenging. High water pressures combined
with zones of sand and clay were often impossible to drill through and occasionally
threatened the security of the mine and the safety of the drillers. |
|
|
|
As a result, the concept of drilling under pressure, to duplicate surface drilling
conditions, was proposed. N. Morissette of Haileybury, Ontario designed the necessary
equipment to drill under pressure and since then virtually all of the drilling at McArthur
River has used this collar security as well as 120 HP, LM75 or 200 HP, LM150 drills. |
|
|
|
|
February 16, 2009
|
|
Page 70 of 207 |
|
|
|
|
|
CAMECO CORPORATION
McARTHUR RIVER OPERATION, NORTHERN SASKATCHEWAN, CANADA
NI 43-101 TECHNICAL REPORT
|
|
|
This system, which uses an auxiliary Bean Pump, allows the driller to pump water down the
drill rods and down the annulus of the hole simultaneously. The hole can be kept under full
or partial pressure by adjusting the discharge. Under full pressure, all cuttings must flow
into the formation. |
|
|
|
Detailed delineation diamond drilling has been completed from underground drill bays over a
strike length of 750 metres, although a few sections still require some additional fill-in
drilling. All of this detailed drilling has occurred over the southern portion of the
deposit (see Figure 13). Underground development has begun on the northern portion of the
deposit, which will allow for future delineation drilling. |
|
|
|
The delineation drilling has been accomplished from 30 m spaced drill bays excavated on the
western side of the main drift on the 530 level. Each drill bay would have one section of
holes drilled directly west (on the mine grid), followed by sections that are angled just
to the north and just to the south, ultimately resulting in three, 10 m spaced sections
through the orebody. Hole spacing within each section is targeted to be 10 metres, at the
expected mineralized intersection. Each hole was gamma logged with a downhole radiometric
probe. Radiometric probing was at 0.1 m spacing in the radioactive zones and 0.5 m in
unmineralized zones. Deviation measurements were taken with either a Sperry Sun instrument
or a Reflex Maxibor® instrument. Collar locations were surveyed after the drill moved out
of the bay. |
|
|
|
Underground exploration drilling and development continued in 2008. Activity for 2009
focuses on evaluation of Mineral Resources, mainly to the south of the estimated McArthur
River Mineral Reserves. In 2008, Cameco concluded that Mineral Resources to the south of
the mine have greater near-term development potential for future mining due to established
infrastructure and were made a higher priority exploration target. Mineral Resources to
the north of the mine are planned for further evaluation in either late 2009 or 2010,
depending on the progress made in the south of the mine. |
|
|
|
|
February 16, 2009
|
|
Page 71 of 207 |
|
|
|
|
|
CAMECO CORPORATION
McARTHUR RIVER OPERATION, NORTHERN SASKATCHEWAN, CANADA
NI 43-101 TECHNICAL REPORT
|
Figure 13 Map of Underground Drilling
|
|
|
|
February 16, 2009
|
|
Page 72 of 207 |
|
|
|
|
|
CAMECO CORPORATION
McARTHUR RIVER OPERATION, NORTHERN SASKATCHEWAN, CANADA
NI 43-101 TECHNICAL REPORT
|
|
11.3 |
|
Core Logging Underground Diamond Drilling |
|
|
The drill core was systematically logged, photographed, and racked outdoors. Drill hole
data was entered into a geological database. Cross sections were generated and
interpretations were made by the geologists. The procedures are as follows: |
|
|
|
From the drill to the core yard: |
|
|
|
Core is drilled and placed in boxes by the drillers. Run markers are placed at the end of
each run. At the completion of each box, a lid is placed on the box and secured in place
then stacked on a pallet. At the completion of the hole the boxes are secured to the pallet
and the core is moved to the shaft station to be hauled to surface. Once on surface, the
pallet is hauled to the core yard by site services. |
|
|
|
Move the core into the core shack: |
|
|
|
The first box is hauled into the core shack and placed on the rack. The lid is removed and
the core is scanned with a SPP2 scintillometer. Any boxes with readings greater than 500
counts per second (cps), after correction for background radioactivity have their ends
painted red. This process is continued, arranging the boxes in numerical order, until the
end of the hole. |
|
|
|
Labeling: |
|
|
|
The beginning depth of each core box is measured from the closest run marker and written on
the top left corner. Labels are generated using a metal punch tape and stapled to each box.
Information on the label includes the hole number, box number and the depth interval. |
|
|
|
Core Recovery: |
|
|
|
This log records the percentage of core recovered from an individual drilling interval. The
length of core recovered between run blocks is measured. The recovery percent is the ratio
of the measured length to the drilled length. |
|
|
|
Mineralization: |
|
|
|
The boxes with red ends (>500 cps) are measured for mineralization. After determining
the background reading near the scanning area, the first red painted core box is laid on
the scanning area and marked up in 10 cm intervals. With a |
|
|
|
|
February 16, 2009
|
|
Page 73 of 207 |
|
|
|
|
|
CAMECO CORPORATION
McARTHUR RIVER OPERATION, NORTHERN SASKATCHEWAN, CANADA
NI 43-101 TECHNICAL REPORT
|
|
|
lead-shielded SPP2 the core is scanned in 10cm intervals until the end of the box and the
readings are marked on the box as well as recorded on paper. |
|
|
|
Geotechnical Log: |
|
|
|
Geotechnical logging assigns a visual rock competency value to the drill core. Whenever
the rock competency changes the interval and value are recorded. |
|
|
|
Rock Mass Rating: |
|
|
|
RMR logging considers five factors each of which is assigned a number from a discrete
range. The five numbers are added together to calculate the overall rock mass rating for
each interval and recorded. |
|
|
|
Lithology Log: |
|
|
|
The lithology log describes in sequence all major lithology units. Within each unit major
structures, fracture intervals, alteration, mineralization, foliation, as well as overall
rock competency are also described and recorded. |
|
|
|
Photography: |
|
|
|
Core boxes are laid out in order on the photo rack.. The core is sprayed with water and
digital photos are taken. Digital photos are printed and filed with the rest of the core
logs as well as stored electronically. At this point the core is hauled outside to the core
racks. |
|
|
|
Throughout these steps a Core Shack Information Sheet stays with the core and is used to
indicate which logs have been completed, and which logs still need to be completed. |
|
11.4 |
|
Core Logging Exploration Surface Drilling |
|
|
Core logging of surface drill holes on the McArthur River project begins with geotechnical
work. A geotechnician enters data for box intervals, RQD (fractures or breaks as well as
recovery in each row), RMR (Rock Mass Rating, a system that determines strength of
intervals of core), Ballmark (core orientation continuity) and pebble counts for each row.
This data is entered into a Palm Pilot which is then uploaded into an Access database on a
project laptop. From that point the data is imported into DH Logger from the Access
database. |
|
|
|
|
February 16, 2009
|
|
Page 74 of 207 |
|
|
|
|
|
CAMECO CORPORATION
McARTHUR RIVER OPERATION, NORTHERN SASKATCHEWAN, CANADA
NI 43-101 TECHNICAL REPORT
|
|
|
A geologist examines the core and determines its overall characteristics. These include
lithology, alteration, structure and mineralization. This information is uploaded into an
Access database on a project laptop. Data is imported to DH Logger in the same manner as
with the Palm Pilots. |
|
|
|
Digital photographs are taken once all the information is gleaned from the core. The core
is then stacked nearby until it can be moved to a permanent spot at the Bermuda Core
Storage, located 7.5 km from the McArthur River operation. |
|
11.5 |
|
Cementing of Surface Diamond Drill Holes |
|
|
After a diamond drill hole is completed it is cemented from the bottom up to the first
unconformity. A Van Ruth plug is set just below the unconformity to seal off
basement-related fluids. From there, the cementing procedure depends on two factors:
another unconformity and/or fault zone. If there is another unconformity the hole is
cemented from the first Van Ruth plug, then another plug is set just below the second
unconformity and cement is poured on top of this last plug. If there is an extensive fault
zone (>10 m) in the lower sandstone above an unconformity, cementing continues from the
first plug. This is done until a Van Ruth plug is set above the structure and 50 m of
cement is poured on top of that plug. This cementing procedure has been incorporated as
standard practise on the McArthur River project since 2004. |
|
|
|
This procedure is followed for all mineralized holes as well as any holes nearby. There are
rare holes that have gone without cement but they were not mineralized and located over
four km from the current mine workings. |
|
|
|
Supplemental to the above procedure, since 1996, 28 old surface drill holes that were
anticipated to come within 50 m of projected future mine workings, had their collars
located and cement poured into the hole until it reached the collar. |
|
|
|
|
February 16, 2009
|
|
Page 75 of 207 |
|
|
|
|
|
CAMECO CORPORATION
McARTHUR RIVER OPERATION, NORTHERN SASKATCHEWAN, CANADA
NI 43-101 TECHNICAL REPORT
|
12 |
|
SAMPLING METHOD AND APPROACH |
|
12.1 |
|
Sample Density and Sampling Methods |
|
|
Surface holes are generally drilled on sections spaced at between 50 and 200 m with 12 to
25 m between holes on a section where necessary The surface drill hole spacing is
illustrated on Figures 11-1, Underground delineation drilling is performed on a 10 m by 10m
grid spacing in the plane of the mineralization. The underground drill hole spacing is
represented on Figure 11-2, in the previous section, and on Figure 12-1. |
|
|
|
Surface |
|
|
|
Any stratigraphy exhibiting noteworthy alteration, structures and radiometric anomalies was
sampled. Specific basement sampling procedures were based on the length of the interval to
be sampled, and attempts were made to avoid having samples cross lithological boundaries. |
|
|
|
All core with a radioactivity >1000 cps (SPP-2) is sampled for assay. Core is split with
a Longyear splitter; one half of the core is placed in a sample bag while the other half is
retained in the core box. A sample tag with a unique sample number is placed in the bag
while a duplicate sample tag remains in the sample book. Each bag is also numbered with the
sample number on the outside of the bag. An aluminium label having the same sample number
is placed on the core box. Depending on the level of radioactivity, samples are either
shipped in metal or plastic pails. |
|
|
|
Underground |
|
|
|
Core from underground drill holes may be sampled to ascertain the
U3O8 content past the probing limit of a hole or to provide
correlation samples to compare against a probed interval. Occasionally there would be
portions of the mineralized zone that were not probed, usually because the hole was dipping
upwards, and the probe could not be pushed far enough up the drill rods to reach the entire
mineralized zone. In these circumstances, the core was logged and photographed as always,
and then sampled for uranium analyses. If the sampling is past the probe limit, samples are
taken 1.0 m before the end of the probe data to provide an overlap. Rather than splitting
the core, the entire interval was sampled. |
|
|
|
Using the mineralization log, high-grade and low-grade intervals are sampled separately.
Sample widths varied depending on rock type, grade consistency, or |
|
|
|
|
February 16, 2009
|
|
Page 76 of 207 |
|
|
|
|
|
CAMECO CORPORATION
McARTHUR RIVER OPERATION, NORTHERN SASKATCHEWAN, CANADA
NI 43-101 TECHNICAL REPORT
|
|
|
any other characteristic of the core that would indicate a logical sample break. When sampling past the probe limit
of a hole the minimum sample interval used is 0.3 m and the maximum interval is 1.0 m |
|
|
|
For correlation purposes, the mineralization log and probed data intervals are used to
identify high-grade peaks to correlate an interval to sample. The high-grade and low-grade
intervals are sampled separately. When sampling for correlation purposes the minimum sample
interval is 0.1 m to isolate massive pitchblende stringers and the maximum sample interval
is 1.0 m. |
|
|
|
The following information is recorded: |
|
|
|
Hole number, date and name |
|
|
|
|
Sample number: numbers are in numerical order on stamped plastic tags |
|
|
|
|
From and To intervals, Length |
|
|
|
|
Recovered Length: actual measured core length (rubble estimated) |
|
|
|
|
SPP2 range of radioactivity: use the range previously written on the box |
|
|
|
|
Weight: weigh of the sample in the plastic sample bag. |
|
|
|
|
Core diameter: when sampling for correlation purposes, a calliper is used
(averaging 4 measurements). |
|
|
|
|
Description: rock type, alteration, mineralization. |
|
|
The sample number is written on a plastic bag and the samples are placed within. The
numbered plastic tag is also inserted into the bag. The bags are tied securely and placed
in a five gallon metal shipping drum. The drum is marked to indicate the samples contained
within it. The samples are scanned by the radiation department then taken to the warehouse
where they are shipped off site according to procedures for transporting radioactive
material. |
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Due to the radioactive nature of the samples, they were shipped to the SRC laboratory in
Saskatoon under the Transportation of Dangerous Goods regulations. The laboratory results
were added to the database after they were received. |
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For surface holes, all uranium grade data is obtained from assaying core. Core recovery is
generally considered to be excellent with local exceptions. For underground drill holes, a
small portion of the assay data used for resource estimation is generated by assaying core
where the radiometric probe could not |
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be pushed completely to the end of the hole. Core
recovery in those areas can be excellent to poor. No problems relating grade to core
recovery were noted. |
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12.3 |
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Sample Quality and Representativeness |
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The quality and representativeness of the surface drill hole samples is adequate for
resource estimation. This has been validated on numerous occasions with underground
drilling results in the vicinity of mineralized intervals drilled from surface. |
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Few underground drill samples are analyzed because a gamma probe is used to determine grade
in the holes. Drilling is done from 30 m spaced drill stations with three fans of holes
from each station. This provides coverage of about 10 m across the deposit which is
considered to be adequate for resource estimation. The drill hole fans provide
representative access for the gamma probes across the entire deposit. |
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When physical samples are collected as a result of the inability to insert the gamma probe,
whole core is used. This provides very high-quality samples in those areas. |
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Sample quality and representativeness is adequate for resource estimation and mine
planning. |
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12.4 |
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Sample Composites with Values and Estimated True Widths |
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In general, the edges of the mineralized zones exhibit very sharp boundaries with
non-mineralized host rock. A table that summarizes the mineralized intercepts at McArthur
River is presented in Appendix 1 (see Appendix 1 Summary of Mineralized Intercepts at
McArthur River). |
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Underground drill holes are collared from drill bays spaced 30 m apart and located 35 to 60
m in the hanging wall from the mineralization. Three general sets of drill directions are
collared: the middle fence is drilled perpendicular to the strike of the mineralization
and a north and south fence are drilled approximately ± 6° - 12° off azimuth from the
middle fence to maintain a 10 m section spacing. Each fence then delineates the
mineralization with hole angles ranging from +45° to -70°. The resulting drill hole
intersection with the mineralization generally varies from perpendicular to 25°. Depending
on the angle, drilled length represents true width to 2.4 times the true width. Figure 14 |
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illustrates the drillhole traces on a vertical section with their profiles of radioactivity
and interpreted faults. Existing mine openings are shown in white. |
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Figure 14 Typical Underground Drill Hole Spacing Section Looking North
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13 SAMPLE PREPARATION, ANALYSES AND SECURITY
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13.1 |
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Sample Preparation by Cameco Employees |
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Beyond marking and bagging samples by Cameco employees, Cameco employees, officers,
directors and associates are not, and have not, been involved with preparation of samples. |
13.2.1 Introduction
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All samples collected from McArthur River for determining uranium content by chemical
analysis and used in the Reserve and Resource estimates were sent to Saskatchewan Research
Council (SRC) for analysis. It should be noted however that a few of the earlier surface
drill holes had their samples sent to another lab for analysis because at that time, SRC was
not able to analyse the very high grade samples. None of these samples were used in the
estimate as they were replaced by underground diamond drill holes which use primarily probe
data. All underground diamond drill sample sent out for chemical analysis were done by SRC. |
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Multi-element analysis was generally performed on the same samples that were analysed for
uranium content. Some of the elements required special equipment in order to deal with the
radioactive saturation from high grade samples. Prior to SRC purchasing this equipment, some
samples were sent to another lab to complete the analysis. Only SRC and uranium analysis is
material to this Technical Report. |
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This section reviews the procedures used at SRC Geoanalytical Laboratories located in
Saskatoon for the safe receipt and handling of materials to be analysed for uranium. . There
are three main sample processing areas for uranium analysis at SRC: |
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sandstone samples (Main Laboratory); |
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low radioactive basement samples: red line to 1 dot samples (Main Laboratory); and |
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high radioactive basement samples: 2 dot and higher (Radioactive Facility). |
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13.2.2 Sample Receiving
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Samples are received at the site as either dangerous goods (qualified Transport of Dangerous
Goods TDG personnel required) or as exclusive use only samples (no radioactivity
documentation attached). On arrival, samples are assigned a SRC group number and are entered
into the Laboratory Information Management System (LIMS). |
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All received sample information is verified by sample receiving personnel: sample numbers,
number of pails, sample type/matrix, condition of samples, requests for analysis, etc. The
sample is then sorted according to its radioactivity level. |
13.2.3 Sample Sorting
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To ensure that there is no cross contamination between sandstone and basement samples,
non-mineralized, low-level and high-level mineralized samples, they are sorted according to
their matrix and radioactivity levels (see Figure 15). |
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Samples are first sorted into groups according to matrix type (sandstone and
basement/mineralized). |
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Then the samples are checked for their radioactivity levels. Using a Radioactivity Detector
System, the samples are classified according to their radioactivity as follows: |
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Red line (minimal radioactivity) < 500 counts/second |
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1 dot 500 1999 counts/second |
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2 dot 2000 2999 counts/ second |
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3 dot 3000 3999 counts/second |
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4 dot 4000 4999 counts/second |
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UR (unreadable) 5000 counts/second and greater |
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Samples are then sorted into ascending sample numerical order and transferred to their
matrix-designated drying ovens. |
13.2.4 Sample Preparation
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All samples are dried. After the drying process is completed, Red line and 1 dot samples
are sent for further processing (crushing and grinding) in the main geoanalytical
laboratory. This is done in the SRC basement preparation area. All radioactive samples at 2
dots or higher (2000 counts/second or greater) are sent to the SRC secure radioactivity
facility for the same sample preparation. All highly radioactive materials are kept in a
radioactive bunker until they can be transported by TDG trained individuals to the SRC
radioactivity facility for processing. |
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When sample pulps are generated they are then returned to the main laboratory to be
chemically processed prior to analysis. All containers are identified with sample
information and their radioactivity status at all times. When the preparation is completed
the radioactive pulps are then returned to a secure radioactive bunker, until they can be
transported back to the radioactive facility. |
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All rejected sample material not involved in the grinding process is returned to the
original sample container. All highly radioactive materials are stored in secure radioactive
designated areas until it is returned to the customer. |
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Rock samples are jaw crushed to 60% @ -2mm and 100-200g sub-sample split using a riffle
splitter. The sub sample is pulverized to 90% @ -106 microns using a puck and ring grinding
mill. The pulp is then transferred to a labeled plastic snap top vial. |
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Figure 15 Schematic of Sample Preparation Procedures |
13.2.5 Summary of Licenses, Certifications and Registrations
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The SRC laboratory is licensed by CNSC for possession, transfer, import, export, use and
store designated nuclear substances under CNSC License Number: 01784-1-09.3. |
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As such, the
SRC laboratory is closely monitored and inspected by the CNSC for compliance. SRC is an
accredited testing laboratory assessed by the Standards Council |
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of Canada under the
requirements of ISO/IEC 17025:2005 (accredited laboratory number 537). |
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Safety is a paramount concern at the SRC laboratory. Low radioactive level samples are only
processed at the main laboratory due to the generation of hazardous radioactive dust. Due
to the limits set for radiation exposure, personnel working at the high radioactive level
facility must limit their exposure. This may delay the immediate processing of high level
samples at the facility. |
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In addition, the radioactivity exposure limits of laboratory personnel are also closely
monitored by SRC. All personnel working with radioactive material are required to be
registered as Nuclear Energy Workers and must wear the appropriate Personnel Protective
Equipment at all times. Exposure to radioactivity is measured through the wearing of Thermo
Luminescence Dosimeters . These are checked every three months by the CNSC. All readings are
reported to the SRC Radiation Safety Officer. Any significant readings are reported to this
individual. |
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An aliquot of pulp was digested in a 100ml volumetric flask in a mixture of
HNO3:HCl, on a hot plate for approximately one hour, then diluted to volume using
deionized water. Samples are diluted prior to analysis by ICP-OES. Instruments used in the
analysis are calibrated using certified commercial solutions. The instruments used were
PerkinElmer Optima 300DV, Optima 4300DV or Optima 5300DV. This method is ISO/IEC 17025:2005
accredited by the Standards Council of Canada. |
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13.4 |
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Radiometric Surveying and Assaying |
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The majority of the grade data for the deposit have been calculated from the gamma probe
results collected from inside the drill rods. These probes use a shielded detector that
allows use of the probe in high-grade portions of the deposit. Typical commercial probes
will become saturated at substantially lower grades than those observed at McArthur River,
rendering the probe essentially inefficient. Grade of the mineralization is directly
correlated to the gamma values that were collected with the probe. |
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Gamma probes are tested in a controlled source on a weekly basis to ensure that the readings
they were producing were consistent. Any probe that shows unusual readings are sent off-site
for testing and repair. Every time a probe is ready to be sent into a drill hole, it is
again tested against a controlled source to ensure that the instrument is reading correctly. |
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Depending on the instrument, probe data is collected at either 10 cm or 20 cm intervals in
the orebody. The data were downloaded into the database and verified. Two data checks are
made that frequently involve adjustments to the data. The data is first compared to the
geological log of the drill core. If discrepancies with the location of mineralization are
found, probe data is adjusted (shifted) to match the geological
log. The second check involves radon. Probe data from portions of holes that are known to be in
unmineralized rock (based on the geological logging and SPP2 scans) often have a gamma
signature that can be attributed to radon decay products in the groundwater filling the
drillhole. This signature is often a relatively low but consistent counts per second value.
An estimate of this radon gamma value is made, and that value is then stripped from the
gamma data for the entire drill hole, including the mineralized zone. |
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Gamma data is then processed with software that accounts for the calibration (K) factor for
the instrument, drill hole diameter, whether the hole is water filled or not, and the
thickness of the steel in the drill rods that are probed through. The result is a file of
corrected counts data. The corrected counts data are then used to calculate the grade in
the samples using a proprietary counts/grade algorithm. The calculated grade data can then
be plotted for interpretation and planning, and are ultimately used as the basis for the
resource and reserve estimation. |
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At the beginning of the underground exploration program, several holes were selected and
sampled for uranium analyses, in order to verify the results from the gamma processing. The
holes that were selected had to have excellent core recovery so that the entire interval
could be sampled. The sampling was again done with varying widths depending on the core and
grade characteristics. Due to the high grades involved, the laboratory always requested an
estimate of grade for each sample. The higher grade samples required extra titrations to
prevent the analytical equipment from saturating. The analytical results were correlated
with the equivalent grade results from the probing. Adjustments to the grade calculations
could then be performed as required. |
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13.5 |
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Density Determinations |
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Density at McArthur River is calculated using an equation based on the correlation of
U3O8 grade to measured density. A total of 51 density determinations
were made covering a grade range from 0.01% U3O8 to 77.9%
U3O8. Values for grades greater than 77.9% are extrapolated. The data
are summarized in Figure 16. Density was measured at Camecos Key Lake laboratory (KL lab in
Figure 16) and at McArthur River (MCA Lab in Figure 16), by Camecos employees, as well as
off site at the SRC laboratory. The Key Lake laboratory exhibits a small (0.1
g/cm3), constant low bias relative to the McArthur River laboratory. That bias is
not considered to be significant. The basic equation was derived in 1995. In 2000, the
equation was modified to better fit high- |
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grade data. The line of regression, labelled New
2000 in Figure 16 represents the equation used since that time. |
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Some samples have grades greater than 80% U3O8 and the densities for
samples with those grades have not been verified. While there are no specific concerns about
the validity of the equation, it is recommended that additional density data be collected to
validate the high-grade portion of the equation and to generally validate the rest of the
grade range. |
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Figure 16 Density Summary |
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13.6 |
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Quality Assurance/Quality Control (QA/QC) |
13.6.1 Exploration Surface Drilling
QAQC Materials Assay Analysis
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SRC performs analyses in batches of 40, including 37 samples provided by the client, two
internal standard materials, and a pulp duplicate of one of the clients samples. |
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For uranium assays SRC personnel, using the standards appropriate for each group, add Cameco
standards to the sample groups. As well, for each assay group, an aliquot |
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of Camecos blank
material is also included in the sample batch. Table 13-1 summarizes the identity and number
of materials analyzed in a typical batch of 40 samples. |
Table 13-1: Materials Analyzed Within a Typical Assay Group
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Material |
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Number |
SRC Internal standards |
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2 |
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SRC Analytical Duplicate |
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1 |
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Cameco Standard |
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1 |
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Cameco Blank |
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1 |
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Cameco Unknowns |
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35 |
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SRC Preparation Duplicate SR (U3O8 only) |
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1 |
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CAMECO CORPORATION
McARTHUR RIVER OPERATION, NORTHERN SASKATCHEWAN, CANADA
NI 43-101 TECHNICAL REPORT
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Cameco employs a Data and Quality Assurance Coordinator (DQAC) who is responsible for
reviewing the quality of geochemical data received from laboratory contractors. Electronic
copies of all data are delivered to the DQAC for review from the laboratory, and additional
hard and electronic copies are delivered to project staff and exploration management.
Official use of analytical data is restricted until approved by the DQAC. |
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The DQAC reviews the analyses provided by the lab using the results of standard reference
materials as a benchmark. Any data that is beyond the min/max threshold (within three
standard deviations of the mean) established through round-robin analysis statistics would
be considered outliers and would require further review and/or re-analysis. Generally, if
the outlier is uranium, a re-assay will be done, but if the outlier is related to one of the
other elements, a re-assay will only be done if the project geologist views that element as
critical. |
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The DQAC also reviews the lab replicate samples for greater than a 20% relative percent
difference from the associated reference sample. Any significant deviations are followed up
with the project geologists to determine if a re-assay is required. Finally, the DQAC
reviews the report sent from the lab to ensure that the format is appropriate for importing
into the Century database. |
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Historic Quality Control material performance is periodically reviewed by the DQAC to
monitor the historic consistency and accuracy of data received from the laboratory. The
Century Systems database has an integrated QA/QC charting operation that will automatically
produce basic comparisons of standards and blanks for quality control. Where required, more
detailed review of Quality Control measures is completed using Access to plot results with
respect to project and year. |
13.6.2 Underground Drilling
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QA/QC for underground drillhole information is focused on quality probing results. This is
ensured by Cameco employee by checking the calibration of the probes prior to each use, by
visually monitoring the radiometric measurements as they are read by the instrument going in
and out of the hole and by duplicating probe runs on occasions. Additional quality control
is obtained through comparisons of the probing results with the core measurements and by
visual inspection of the radiometric profile of each hole by experienced geologists, at the
mine site and in Saskatoon. |
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All samples are prepared under close supervision of a qualified geoscientist in a restricted
core processing facility. They are stored and shipped under Transport of Dangerous Goods
regulations through the Cameco warehouse facilities at McArthur River and in Saskatoon. |
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13.8 |
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Adequacy of Sample Preparation, Assaying, QA/QC, and Security |
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Sample preparation was done using industry accepted practices at the time the samples were
prepared and is considered to be adequate. |
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Assaying was done with industry standard procedures. |
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Probe data was generated using industry standard procedures. Grades were calculated from
corrected counts data using a proprietary algorithm. That algorithm was derived using assay
data and is believed by Cameco to accurately reflect the U3O8 grade in
the holes. While there are no specific concerns with the grade data, the confidence on the
quality and representativeness of the probing results would be further supported by
collecting duplicate data to determine the precision of the data. It is thus recommended
that one in twenty holes be probed twice and the grades calculated. This will allow
estimation of the precision of the method. It is also recommended that one in twenty holes
be assayed and compared to the grade calculated from the probe data. This will further allow
verification of the accuracy of the calibration of the probe. |
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Reconciliation of the model to production is indicates that grades estimated in the block
model accurately reflect the mined grades. This further indicates that the grades calculated
from probe data are adequate. The checks of the calibration of the probes prior to each use
is also an important QA-QC check. This assures that the probes are operating properly.
Duplicate probe runs and periodic assays will enhance confidence in data generated at
McArthur River. |
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Sample security is largely defined by regulation and all samples were stored and shipped in
compliance with regulations. Tampering with samples from McArthur River is extremely
unlikely because of the high grades and the fact that core is scanned immediately after it
is received at the sample preparation laboratory and a grade is estimated at that point. |
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14 DATA VERIFICATION
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The drillhole database, containing information from surface and underground drill holes and
used to produce the mineral resource and reserve estimates over the years, has been verified
on multiple occasions by site geologists, external consultants and geologists within
Camecos Mineral Resources Management Department. The quality control measures and the data
verification procedures included the following: |
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Surveyed drillhole collar coordinates and hole deviations were entered in the
database, displayed in plan views and sections and visually compared to the planned
location of the holes, |
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Core logging information was visually validated on plan views and sections and
verified against photographs of the core or the core itself when questions were raised
during the geological interpretation process, |
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Downhole radiometric probing results were compared with radioactivity measurements
made on the core and drilling depth measurements, |
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The uranium grade based on radiometric probing was validated with sample assay
results when available, |
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The information in the database is compared against the original data, namely paper
logs, deviation survey films, assay certificates and original probing data files, |
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Since 2000, information collected from production activities, like freeze holes,
raise bore pilot hole probing, radiometric scanning of scooptram buckets and mill feed
sampling, are regularly compared to the drillhole data. |
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The qualified person for this section, Alain G. Mainville, has personally verified the data
used for the estimates and supervised other geologists who have also verified the data. Mr.
Mainville is satisfied with the quality of the data. Current and past mine production
history has demonstrated that the drillhole data is valid. |
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15 ADJACENT PROPERTIES
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Information on adjacent properties is not applicable to this technical report. |
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16 MINERAL PROCESSING AND METALLURGICAL TESTING
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McArthur River ore is processed at two locations. Size reduction is conducted underground at
McArthur River and the resulting finely ground ore is pumped to surface and transported to
Key Lake operation as a 50% solids slurry at an average grade of 20%
U3O8. The slurry is temporarily stored at McArthur River and trucked
to Key Lake for processing. Blending to a nominal 4% U3O8 mill feed
grade and all remaining uranium processing, tailings disposal, and effluent treatment steps
occur at Key Lake. |
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The current CNSC licensed production rate for the combined McArthur River/Key Lake
operations is limited to a maximum of 18.7 million pounds U3O8
annually. Cameco has applied for an increased licensed capacity of 22 million pounds
U3O8 annually. Options to increase the production rate to at least 24
million pounds U3O8 annually are currently being assessed as part of a
program to revitalize and expand the Key Lake operation. |
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The KLJV has entered into a toll milling agreement with AREVA for the processing of the
portion of McArthur River ore that belongs to AREVA as the result of its participation in
the MRJV. This toll milling agreement is described in Section 18.4.2 of this report. Since
Cameco and UEM are the remaining participants in the MRJV and are owners of the Key Lake
mill, no toll milling agreement is required for processing their share of McArthur River ore
at the Key Lake mill. |
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A high level operation flow sheet of the project ore processing activities is shown in. |
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CAMECO CORPORATION
McARTHUR RIVER OPERATION, NORTHERN SASKATCHEWAN, CANADA
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Figure 17 McArthur River Ore Processing Activities Block Flow Sheet |
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16.2 |
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Processing at McArthur River |
Initial processing of the ore produced by the raise boring mining system takes place
underground including grinding, density control and water handling circuits. The finely
ground, high density ore slurry is pumped to surface storage tanks, blended, thickened, and
loaded into truck mounted containers for delivery to Key Lake at grades ranging from 15 to
30% U3O8. Contaminated water from underground, after recycling to the
maximum extent possible, is treated on surface in a two stage treatment plant and the
excess, above the demand for recycled treated water, is released to the environment.
16.2.1 |
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Metallurgical Testwork |
Ore processing at McArthur River was commissioned in 2000 following a lengthy period of
testing, design, procurement, and construction. The flowsheet was largely based on the use
of conventional mineral processing concepts and equipment. Where necessary, testwork was
undertaken to prove design concepts or adapt conventional equipment for unique services.
Simulated ore was utilised in much of the testwork because the off-site testing facilities
were not licensed to receive radioactive materials. The major test programs undertaken
included:
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Pipeline flow testing of simulated uranium ore slurries at SRCs Saskatoon pump test
facility to establish minimum flow velocities and maximum particle sizes. |
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Operational testing on a full scale slurry container prototype at Key Lake including
gravity unloading, time for contents to freeze while outside during cold weather and
drop testing to evaluate the potential for leakage during a simulated road accident. |
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Operational testing using simulated uranium ore slurries with prototype container
loading and vacuum unloading platforms at the Saskatoon shops of Prairie Machine and
the Northstar Business Center. |
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Full scale testing of truck/trailer combinations to assess B-train handling and
weight bearing characteristics related to ore slurry transportation in containers. |
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Radiation scanning equipment testing on a full scale slurry container prototype at
Key Lake. Although this testwork was successful, automated scanning equipment was not
installed at Key Lake or McArthur River. Instead the use of closed circuit television
cameras and manual scanning was implemented. |
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Marconajet testing on simulated crushed uranium ore at Pre-Con Limiteds (Pre-Con)
Saskatoon shop to investigate the reclaiming of settled crushed ore from the bottom of
storage tanks. |
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MMD Sizer testing on simulated uranium ore at Pre-Cons Saskatoon shop to
investigate the use of low profile crushing equipment. This testwork was unsuccessful
and an MMD Sizer was not included in the flowsheet. |
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Testing of a Water Flush Cone Crusher at Pre-Cons Saskatoon shop on simulated
uranium ore to investigate the use of crushing equipment as part of the grinding
circuit. Although this testwork was successful, a cone crusher has not been found to
be necessary in the semi-autogenous grinding circuit. |
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Testing of a prototype Transportable Mining Unit on simulated uranium ore at
Pre-Cons Saskatoon shop and later, underground at McArthur River to assess methods for
recovering, screening, and pumping reamed ore. Although included in the original
flowsheet, this equipment is no longer utilised at McArthur River. Instead reamed ore
is hauled to the grinding circuit by underground load-haul-dump (LHD) vehicles. |
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Testing at Key Lake of equipment to simultaneously measure slurry density and ore
grade. |
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Lab scale Bond Grinding Work Index tests on representative ore samples for SAG mill
sizing purposes. |
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Lab scale settling and thickening tests on representative ore samples at the target
grind for thickener sizing purposes. |
Since commissioning, numerous changes have been made to the McArthur River ore processing
and water treatment circuits to improve their operational reliability and efficiency. From
a uranium recovery perspective, the most important was to change the grinding circuit
classification system from screens to cyclones. Classification based on specific gravity and
particle size instead of particle size alone resulted in preferential grinding of the denser
uranium minerals versus the gangue, providing a measurable recovery increase in the Key Lake
leach circuit. In addition, this change reduced particle segregation issues during ore
slurry transport and storage, significantly reducing
plugging and sanding out problems in pipelines and tankage at both McArthur River and Key
Lake.
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McARTHUR RIVER OPERATION, NORTHERN SASKATCHEWAN, CANADA
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16.2.2 |
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Current McArthur River Flowsheet |
Mined ore in the form of raise bore cuttings is either fed directly to the underground
grinding circuit or stockpiled. The ore is transferred by LHD to a grizzly covered hopper.
A rock breaker mounted over the hopper is used to reduce oversize until it passes through
the grizzly screen. Grizzly undersize is fed by belt conveyor to a semi-autogenous grinding
(SAG) mill located on the 640 m level. The grinding circuit operates at 15 t/h in closed
circuit with cyclones and a scalping (safety) screen. Secondary feed sources such as
settled solids from raises and sumps, and drill cuttings are pumped to two underground
overflow type surge tanks and intermittently re-slurried for transfer to the grinding
circuit by bottom mounted solids recovery Marconajet systems.
Cyclone overflow ground to a P80 of 100 microns is thickened to 50% solids in one
of two 13 m diameter thickeners and pumped to an underground ore slurry storage tank. From
there, the ore slurry is pumped via boreholes to four air agitated 650 m3 pachuca
storage tanks located on surface. Ore slurry discharged from the pachucas is blended to a
maximum grade of 30% U3O8 in a mix tank. After excess water is removed
from the ore slurry in a thickener, it is pumped into 5 m3 truck mounted
containers for shipment by road to Key Lake. Each truck train carries four containers.
Typically 12 to 14 truck loads are required daily to meet current production rates.
As much untreated water as possible is recirculated underground in the process. Excess water
is pumped to surface and treated in a conventional 750 m3/h, two stage water
treatment plant. Additional water treatment capacity is available as required in a 750
m3/h contingency water treatment plant. Treated water is recycled as much as
possible and only the excess is released to the environment via a monitoring pond system.
Precipitated solids from the water treatment process are either added into the ore slurry or
filtered and mixed with mineralized mine waste. Mine waste including filtered precipitates
are hauled by truck to Key Lake where they are stockpiled and used as part of the blending
strategy to achieve the target mill feed grade.
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16.3 |
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Processing at Key Lake |
Processing at Key Lake was initiated in 1983 on ores averaging 2% to 3% U3O
8
mined initially from the Gaertner open pit and later from the adjacent Deilmann open
pit. Annual uranium production was initially 12 million pounds U3O8
with mill ore throughput constrained to approximately 1,000 dry metric tonnes per day.
Throughput was later increased to 14 million pounds U3O8 annually by
minor debottlenecking and reducing the length of planned maintenance shutdowns. Mill
tailings were initially disposed of in a
purpose built above ground tailings management facility. Mining was completed at Key Lake in
1997 and the mined out Deilmann pit was converted to an in-pit below ground tailings
disposal facility.
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In 2000, McArthur River ore slurry receiving and blending facilities were commissioned at
Key Lake. McArthur River ore slurry is removed by vacuum from the truck mounted containers
and the high grade slurry is blended to 4% U3O8 for radiation
protection purposes, using mineralized waste processed through the original Key Lake
grinding plant. The blended slurry is pumped to the original Key Lake mill where the uranium
is recovered as a calcined yellowcake grading 98% U3O8 on average. The
current licensed maximum annual production rate of 18.7 million pounds
U3O8 was achieved largely by debottlenecking the product end of the
existing plant with minimal additional capital investment required. Cameco has submitted an
application to the CNSC to raise the licensed production capacity to 22 million pounds
U3O8 annually by further debottlenecking. Cameco believes the
successful commissioning of facilities currently under construction in the bulk
neutralization plant to control selenium and molybdenum concentrations in the final treated
effluent will be helpful in Camecos efforts to receive regulatory approval.
Three stockpiles contain non-mineralized waste rock and two contain low-grade mineralized
material. The latter are currently used to lower the grade of McArthur River ore to
approximately 4% U3O8 before entering the milling circuit. The
dilution of the high-grade ore serves three purposes: recovery of uranium from the
low-grade material, reduction of radiation exposures in the mill, and final disposal of the
low- grade waste. The remaining non-mineralized waste rock stockpiles will require
decommissioning upon site closure.
16.3.1 |
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Metallurgical Testwork |
An extensive program of bench scale testwork was completed at the Key Lake metallurgical lab
on representative samples of fresh McArthur River ore in the years prior to the introduction
of this material into the Key Lake mill in early 2000. This testwork confirmed the
suitability of the Key Lake mill circuits for processing McArthur River ore with high
uranium recovery. In 2008, overall uranium recovery to the final calcined yellowcake product
averaged 98.3%.
Concrete accompanying the ore and waste from McArthur River originates in raises mined
adjacent to cemented back-filled raises. This material is referred to as McArthur
mineralized waste and is one of the components used to blend down the feed grade of the
slurry to 4% U3O8 before the mill leaching process. This has
contributed to processing problems in the Key Lake solvent extraction circuit with excessive
crud formation and resultant high organic losses, leading to difficulties producing
releasable
effluent at times from the Key Lake water treatment system. Testwork has confirmed that the
fly ash component in the backfill has exacerbated these problems, resulting in a change back
to 100% Portland cement usage for backfill preparation at McArthur River. Recent testwork at
Key Lake has shown that gravity separation techniques can be used
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to remove concrete particles from the McArthur River mineralized waste before it is added to
the mill feed blend. A capital project at Key Lake involving the installation of a
centrifugal gravity concentrator is complete and optimization is in progress.
16.3.2 |
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Current Key Lake Process |
The Key Lake milling and water treatment facilities are located in eight separate plants.
The McArthur River ore slurry receiving plant, the grinding/blending plant, and the reverse
osmosis plant are located adjacent to each other, between the two open pits approximately
two kilometres away from the mill site. The remaining facilities are located on the mill
terrace and include the following:
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leaching/counter current decantation plant, |
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solvent extraction plant, |
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yellowcake precipitation/dewatering/calcining/packing/ammonium sulphate
crystallization plant, |
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bulk neutralization/lime handling/tailings pumping/oxygen plant, |
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and the powerhouse/utilities/acid plant complex. |
The plants located on the terrace are interconnected by covered walkways or galleries.
Each of the plants is operated from a control room typically staffed by an operator and one
or two helpers. The mill terrace is paved to contain any spillage and shaped to direct any
liquid to a reservoir for subsequent treatment. Process pipelines between the ore
receiving/grinding/blending plants, the main mill site and the tailings disposal areas are
contained in sealed concrete utilidors. In order to avoid spills to the environment, alarmed
collection sumps have been provided every 100 m to warn of possible pipeline breaks.
High grade McArthur River ore slurry arriving at the Key Lake receiving plant is unloaded
from the truck mounted containers by a vacuum system and pumped to one of four large air
agitated slurry storage pachuca tanks. Periodically high grade slurry is pumped from a
pachuca to the blending tank located in the grinding plant. There it is mixed with low grade
slurry prepared by grinding mineralized waste hauled from McArthur River or left over from
the original Key Lake mining operations. The resulting slurry, blended to a target of 4%
U3O8, is pumped to one of three storage pachuca tanks located in the
leach plant. Blending is necessary because the original Key Lake processing facilities were
not designed, from a radiation protection perspective, to accommodate the high ore grades
found at McArthur River.
Sulphuric acid produced on site by burning/converting sulphur is used to dissolve the
uranium, along with various impurities, from the ore in a two stage leach circuit. The
first
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McARTHUR RIVER OPERATION, NORTHERN SASKATCHEWAN, CANADA
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stage occurs at atmospheric pressure in pachuca tanks while the second stage occurs in
autoclaves under 540 kPa pressure at 60o C. Nearly pure oxygen, produced on-site
in a cryogenic air separation plant, is injected into the leach vessels to oxidize the
uranium minerals and thereby permit uranium dissolution. Approximately 99% of the uranium
and varying percentages of the impurities enter solution during leaching.
Counter current decantation (CCD) consists of eight thickeners and a clarifier located
outdoors on the mill terrace beside the leach plant. Acidic water is introduced at the tail
end of the circuit and advanced from thickener to thickener in the opposite direction to the
leached solids flow. The result is that the dissolved components are washed away from the
leached solids. The washed leach residue is sent to the bulk neutralization plant for
neutralization and disposal. Pregnant solution containing 10 to 15 g/L dissolved uranium and
varying levels of impurities is clarified to remove residual solids and pumped through sand
filters to the solvent extraction plant.
In the solvent extraction plant, filtered pregnant solution is mixed with an organic solvent
consisting of isodecanol and amine dissolved in kerosene. The uranium transfers from the
aqueous solution to the organic phase leaving behind most of the dissolved impurities. The
waste solution (raffinate) containing the impurities is pumped to the bulk neutralization
plant for treatment and disposal. The organic solvent, loaded with uranium, is contacted
with ammonia in ammonium sulphate solution, causing the uranium to transfer back to a highly
concentrated aqueous phase known as loaded strip solution. Special treatment circuits are
available to deal with problem impurity elements such as arsenic and molybdenum that tend to
follow the uranium through the solvent extraction process.
Using ammonia, uranium is precipitated from loaded strip solution in the yellowcake plant as
ammonium diuranate. The precipitate is dewatered in a thickener followed by a centrifuge
then calcined to U3O8 in a multi hearth furnace at 840o C.
The final calcined product is packed in 200 litre drums for shipment to refineries around
the world. Excess ammonium sulphate is recovered in a crystallization circuit by evaporating
the water and drying the resulting by-product, which is sold locally for use as a high
purity fertilizer.
Contaminated water from the dewatering system associated with the depleted Gaertner and
Deilmann open pits at Key Lake is treated in a reverse osmosis plant with permeate released
to the environment. Reject brine from the reverse osmosis plant is sent to the bulk
neutralization plant where all other site aqueous waste streams are neutralised with lime to
precipitate dissolved impurities. Waste solids, as a thick slurry, are pumped to the mined
out Deilmann pit for final disposal. Treated water is sampled and released to
one of four monitoring ponds. The sample is analysed for various regulated contaminants. If
all federal and provincial regulations are met, the treated water is released to the
environment. If not, the pond is recycled through the bulk neutralization plant as many
times as is necessary until it becomes releasable.
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16.4 |
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Revitalization at Key Lake |
The original Key Lake milling facilities and related infrastructure have been in service for
over twenty five years. In late 2006, Cameco initiated the development of a strategic plan
to revitalize the Key Lake facilities for the next 25 years of operation to mill McArthur
River ore. The key objectives of this plan are to refurbish or replace selected areas of the
existing infrastructure, enhance environmental performance and increase nominal production
capacity to approximately 24 million pounds U3O8 per year.
The engineering and project planning for replacement of the acid plant and oxygen plant was
further advanced in 2008. A screening level environmental assessment will be required for
Cameco to proceed with the construction of the two plants. Cameco expects to submit to the
CNSC a Mill Services screening level environmental assessment that demonstrates the
environmental viability of these two projects in the first quarter of 2009, assuming capital
approval is obtained. Construction of these replacement plants is planned to start in 2009
subject to obtaining regulatory approval. The estimated capital cost for 2009 of $35M has
been included in the capital cost estimates set out in Section 18.7.2 of this technical
report.
The mill Revitalization plan focuses on the product-end of the mill; that is, the solvent
extraction (SX), uranium precipitation and product dewatering circuits. The current Key Lake
mill uses ammonia for stripping in SX and for uranium precipitation. The Rabbit Lake mill
uses acid for stripping and hydrogen peroxide for precipitation. The Rabbit Lake process is
widely believed within Cameco to be better able to process the concrete-laden ore that Key
Lake receives from the McArthur River mine. Therefore, the mill Revitalization plan will
study the cost and benefits of converting the product-end to the acid stripping process.
In addition to the expected ore processing benefits, the acid stripping process also
obviates the need to produce a calcined yellowcake product and an ammonium sulphate
by-product. In that case, the yellow cake could be dried at lower temperatures than
calcining and not create an insoluable radioactive dust. Furthermore, the current
crystallization circuit would not be required.
A downside of the acid stripping process is that all the acid must be neutralized before the
uranium is precipitated. At the Rabbit Lake mill, the acid is neutralized by lime and
precipitated out as gypsum. Since some uranium is contained within the gypsum, it is
returned to the counter-current decantation (CCD) circuit to recover the uranium, and the
gypsum reports to tailings after processing through the CCD circuit. For a Revitalized
Key Lake mill using the acid stripping process, improvements are being studied to recover
some acid before the stream must be neutralized, and to be able to send the gypsum directly
to tailings.
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McARTHUR RIVER OPERATION, NORTHERN SASKATCHEWAN, CANADA
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Options that involve both replacement and refurbishment of circuits at the product-end of
the mill are being studied. In general, replacement options offer more design flexibility,
and less risk to the operation during construction, but at a higher capital cost. Studies
are expected to be complete by the end of 2009, at which time, a decision may be made to go
forward into the feasibility stage with a selected option. An environmental assessment under
CEAA is likely required for this project, as well as the normal regulatory approvals, before
construction could begin. Cameco anticipates that construction work could start in 2011 at
the earliest and take at least two years to finish.
16.4.1 |
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Metallurgical Testwork |
To date the following metallurgical testwork has been completed in conjunction with the
Revitalization Program:
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Two separate pilot scale programs at Key Lake testing Bateman pulsed columns for the
replacement of conventional mixer-settlers in the solvent extraction process. |
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A bench scale program at Rabbit Lake testing Harwest membrane based acid recovery
technology from loaded strip solution produced by the strong acid stripping process. |
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Bench scale testing at Rabbit Lake of RPA Process Technologies vacuum belt
filtration performance on gypsum from the impurity precipitation process. |
In-house Cameco testwork was conducted on elevated product drying temperatures and ozone as
a replacement oxidant for hydrogen peroxide in the bulk neutralization circuits.
Cameco expects the ongoing test program to find ways to improve operational performance,
including:
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Pilot-scale program at Rabbit Lake testing VSEP membrane based acid recovery
technology from loaded strip solution produced by the strong acid stripping process; |
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Pilot-scale program at Rabbit Lake testing the properties of yellowcake produced by
drying over a range of temperatures; |
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Pilot-scale program at Camecos Port Hope Research facility to quantify the
processing benefit of the acid stripping process over the ammonia stripping process for
concrete-laden ore; |
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Bench-scale program at Camecos Port Hope Research facility to determine the
expected properties of Key Lake tailings produced by the strong acid stripping process;
and |
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Bench-scale testing to determine the expected effect of impurities (largely gypsum)
precipitated out |
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McARTHUR RIVER OPERATION, NORTHERN SASKATCHEWAN, CANADA
NI 43-101 TECHNICAL REPORT
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16.4.2 |
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Modifications at Key Lake for Revitalization |
The following mill related changes are expected to be implemented at Key Lake based on the
decisions made to date as part of the Revitalization Plan:
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The existing acid/utility plant complex will be replaced with a higher capacity acid
plant and a steam plant to be located east of the existing acid plant on an extension
to the mill terrace. |
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Other changes may be implemented depending on the results of the current studies as
follows: |
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The existing cryogenic oxygen plant will be replaced
with a new vacuum pressure swing adsorption oxygen plant to be located
adjacent to the new acid plant. |
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Ammonia usage and ammonium sulphate by-product
production may be eliminated from Key Lake and replaced by the strong acid
stripping process and a non ammonia based yellowcake precipitation process. |
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Direct fired calcining in a multi-hearth furnace may be
replaced by indirectly fired technology to dry the yellowcake. |
In addition to the mill facility changes described above, revitalization at Key Lake is
expected to include the following projects:
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Tailings Options Study a review of the current tailings management facility with
a view to increase its capacity and/or to site another second tailings facility. |
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Replace and upgrade electrical services (mainly transformers) as needed. |
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Demolish and dispose of current facilities made obsolete by the new mill facilities. |
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Study improvements to contaminated water management on site with a view to effluent
quality improvements with reduced contaminants of the mill effluent discharged to the
David Creek drainage system. The main focus on site currently is selenium reduction. If
Phase 1 of the Mo/Se project does not achieve the target results then other options
will be considered. |
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Provide temporary infrastructure for construction workers (camp,
change facility, offices) at site. |
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17 |
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MINERAL RESOURCE AND MINERAL RESERVE ESTIMATES |
From 1994 to present, several drilling campaigns from underground levels at 530 m and 640 m
depth were completed. Diamond drilling was followed by
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systematic radiometric probing of the holes using a gamma probe adapted to the very high
radioactivity encountered. Drill holes intersected mineralized zones on a grid spacing of
10 m x 10 m. Radiometric probing in the hole was at 0.10 metre intervals in the radioactive
zones. Where core recovery allows it, sampling and assaying of the cores as well as
density measurements were performed to confirm correlations.
The data from underground delineation drill holes have been interpreted and estimates of
mineral reserves and resources have been made in four mineralized zones (Zones 1 to 4). In
addition to this drilling, hundreds of freeze holes and raise bore pilot holes have
provided data supporting the interpretation. In areas with no underground drill holes,
surface exploration drill holes are the basis for the mineral resource estimates for four
additional areas labelled MCA South, MCA North, Zones A and B.
Underground drilling programs have further delineated approximately 750 m of the 2,500 m
mineralized structure identified by surface drilling. Underground delineation drilling is
ongoing in Zone 4 South.
The McArthur River Mineral Reserves include allowances for dilution and mining recovery. No
such allowances are applied to Mineral Resources. Stated Mineral Reserves and Mineral
Resources are derived from estimated quantities of mineralized material recoverable by
established or tested mining methods. Mineral Reserves include material in place and stored
on surface and underground. Only Mineral Reserves have demonstrated economic viability.
The McArthur River Mineral Reserve and Mineral Resource estimates have been updated and
reviewed under the supervision of Alain G. Mainville, Professional Geoscientist and
qualified person, Director, Mineral Resources Management at Cameco. No independent
verification of the current McArthur River Mineral Reserve and Mineral Resource estimates
was performed.
There are numerous uncertainties inherent in estimating Mineral Reserves and Mineral
Resources. The accuracy of any Mineral Reserve and Mineral Resource estimation is a
function of the quality of available data and of engineering and geological interpretation
and judgment. Results from drilling, testing and production, as well as material changes
in uranium prices, subsequent to the date of the estimate may justify revision of such
estimates.
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McARTHUR RIVER OPERATION, NORTHERN SASKATCHEWAN, CANADA
NI 43-101 TECHNICAL REPORT
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Classification of Mineral Reserves and Resources, and the subcategories of each, conforms
to the definitions adopted by CIM Council on December 11, 2005, which are incorporated by
reference in NI 43-101. Cameco reports Mineral Reserves and Mineral Resources separately.
The amount of reported Mineral Resources does not include those amounts identified as
Mineral Reserves. Mineral Resources, which are not Mineral Reserves, do not have
demonstrated economic viability.
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17.2 |
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Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves |
The key assumptions used in the Mineral Resource and Mineral Reserve estimates for McArthur
River are:
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continuity of quality and quantity of uranium mineralization exists between sampled
areas. |
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reported Mineral Reserves include provisions for dilution and mining recovery. |
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reported Mineral Resources do not include allowances for dilution or mining
recovery. |
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mineral reserves are recoverable by the current raise bore mining method and the
planned mining methods of boxhole boring, and blasthole stoping. |
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diamond drilling, ground support systems, and mining plans mitigates the risks
associated with potentially adverse ground conditions. |
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water control measures are effective at preventing water inflow. |
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radiation protection measures in place continue to be effective. |
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for the purpose of estimating mineral reserves in accordance with NI 43-101, an
average uranium price of $47 (US) per pound U3O8 was used. For
the purpose of estimating mineral reserves in accordance with US Securities and
Exchange Commissions Industry Guide 7 for US reporting purposes, an average uranium
price of $70 (US) per pound U3O8 was used. Estimated mineral
reserves at McArthur River are similar using either uranium price because of the
insensitivity of the Mineral Reserves to the cut-off grade over the range of these two
prices. |
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environmental, permitting, legal, title, taxation, socio-economic, political,
marketing, or other issues are not expected to materially affect the mineral resource
and mineral reserve estimates. |
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McARTHUR RIVER OPERATION, NORTHERN SASKATCHEWAN, CANADA
NI 43-101 TECHNICAL REPORT
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The key parameters used in the Mineral Resource and Mineral Reserve estimates for McArthur
River are:
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for Mineral Resources defined only by surface drill holes, uranium grades are from
assayed samples. |
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for Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves estimated from underground drill holes,
grades were obtained from radiometric probing values converted to percentage
U3O8 on the basis of a correlation between radiometric counts
and uranium assay values. |
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densities were determined from regression formulas based on density measurements of
drill core and uranium assay grades. |
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limits and continuity of the mineralization are structurally controlled. |
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the cut-off grade used for defining the limits of the mineralization of the various
zones are 0.1% to 0.2% U3O8 over a minimum width of 1 metre,
except for the a small portion of the Inferred Mineral Resources based on the 1995
estimates which used 0.5 %U3O8. |
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the key economic parameters underlying the Mineral Reserves include a conversion
from US$ dollars to Cdn$ dollars using a fixed exchange rate of US $1.00 = Cdn $1.22
(reflecting the exchange rate at December 31, 2008) |
Mineral Resources, based solely on the pre-1993 surface drilling, were estimated with the
two-dimensional cross-sectional method on vertical sections at 50 m or 100 m spacing using
Autodesk Generic CADD software. These resource estimates were produced in 1995 and are
still considered reliable for areas that have not been drilled from surface since then;
namely zones McA South and McA North (See Figure 11 Map of Surface Drilling).
Mineral Resources estimates for zones A and B, where additional holes were drilled from
surface since 2004, were estimated using three-dimensional models. Wire frame models were
created from the geological interpretation of mineralization outlines using lithology,
structure and uranium grade information. The interpretation was done on 25- or 50-metre
spacing vertical cross-sections and validated on plan views. Using the Gemcom GEMS
software, estimates of the variables DG (density x grade) and D (density) were obtained
with the inverse squared distance method for blocks of 5 m E-W x 10 m N-S x 2 m
vertical. Estimates were based on 1 m composites selected within an search ellipsoid with
radii of 30 m in the plane of the mineralization and 10 m
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CAMECO CORPORATION
McARTHUR RIVER OPERATION, NORTHERN SASKATCHEWAN, CANADA
NI 43-101 TECHNICAL REPORT
|
perpendicular to it. Given the spacing between holes, a few composites with high grade
values (above 20%) had their area of influence reduced to 10 m. The Mineral Resources for
zones A and B are classified as Inferred.
Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves delineated by underground drill holes were estimated
using three-dimensional models. Wire frame models were created from the geological
interpretation of mineralization outlines using lithology, structure and uranium grade
information. The interpretation was done on 10-metre spacing vertical cross-sections and
plan views. Estimates of the grade and density of blocks of 1 metre x 5 metre x 1 metre
were obtained from ordinary kriging or inverse squared distance methods using the Gemcom
GEMS software. The small block size was selected to better conform to the mineralization
limits and the relatively small size of the excavations. Search distances were 30 m in the
plane of the mineralization and 10 m perpendicular to it. No cutting of high uranium values
was necessary given their continuity identified at a drill density of 10 m by 10 m.
Block models were validated using various estimation methods and parameters. The most
important validation comes from the reconciliation of the mine production with the reserves
model over the years (See Table 17-1).
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February 16, 2009
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Page 106 of 207 |
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CAMECO CORPORATION
McARTHUR RIVER OPERATION, NORTHERN SASKATCHEWAN, CANADA
NI 43-101 TECHNICAL REPORT
|
Table 17-1: Production Reconciliation with Reserves
|
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|
|
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Percent Difference |
|
|
Mine Production |
|
Reserves Model |
|
Production vs Reserves |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Lbs |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Lbs |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Tonnes |
|
Grade |
|
U3O8 |
|
Tonnes |
|
Grade |
|
U3O8 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Lbs |
Year |
|
(x1000) |
|
%U3O8 |
|
(millions) |
|
(x1000) |
|
%U3O8 |
|
(millions) |
|
Tonnes |
|
Grade |
|
U3O8 |
|
2000 |
|
|
43.7 |
|
|
|
11.6 |
|
|
|
11.174 |
|
|
|
34.2 |
|
|
|
9.8 |
|
|
|
7.354 |
|
|
|
28 |
% |
|
|
18 |
% |
|
|
52 |
% |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2001 |
|
|
48.0 |
|
|
|
16.2 |
|
|
|
17.166 |
|
|
|
48.3 |
|
|
|
14.2 |
|
|
|
15.117 |
|
|
|
-1 |
% |
|
|
14 |
% |
|
|
14 |
% |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2002 |
|
|
52.5 |
|
|
|
16.0 |
|
|
|
18.524 |
|
|
|
47.6 |
|
|
|
16.5 |
|
|
|
17.281 |
|
|
|
10 |
% |
|
|
-3 |
% |
|
|
7 |
% |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2003 |
|
|
45.4 |
|
|
|
15.2 |
|
|
|
15.243 |
|
|
|
40.9 |
|
|
|
12.4 |
|
|
|
11.227 |
|
|
|
11 |
% |
|
|
23 |
% |
|
|
36 |
% |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2004 |
|
|
55.9 |
|
|
|
15.2 |
|
|
|
18.699 |
|
|
|
60.4 |
|
|
|
13.1 |
|
|
|
17.345 |
|
|
|
-7 |
% |
|
|
16 |
% |
|
|
8 |
% |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2005 |
|
|
60.4 |
|
|
|
13.9 |
|
|
|
18.512 |
|
|
|
63.9 |
|
|
|
14.8 |
|
|
|
17.950 |
|
|
|
-6 |
% |
|
|
-6 |
% |
|
|
3 |
% |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2006 |
|
|
57.6 |
|
|
|
14.7 |
|
|
|
18.698 |
|
|
|
61.5 |
|
|
|
13.0 |
|
|
|
17.660 |
|
|
|
-6 |
% |
|
|
13 |
% |
|
|
6 |
% |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2007 |
|
|
59.6 |
|
|
|
14.2 |
|
|
|
18.718 |
|
|
|
67.0 |
|
|
|
12.1 |
|
|
|
17.851 |
|
|
|
-11 |
% |
|
|
17 |
% |
|
|
5 |
% |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2008 |
|
|
53.2 |
|
|
|
14.9 |
|
|
|
17.502 |
|
|
|
58.5 |
|
|
|
13.4 |
|
|
|
17.277 |
|
|
|
-9 |
% |
|
|
11 |
% |
|
|
1 |
% |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total |
|
|
476.3 |
|
|
|
14.7 |
|
|
|
154.236 |
|
|
|
482.2 |
|
|
|
13.1 |
|
|
|
139.062 |
|
|
|
-1 |
% |
|
|
12 |
% |
|
|
11 |
% |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2004 to 2008 |
|
|
286.7 |
|
|
|
14.6 |
|
|
|
92.129 |
|
|
|
311.2 |
|
|
|
12.8 |
|
|
|
88.083 |
|
|
|
-8 |
% |
|
|
14 |
% |
|
|
5 |
% |
Since the start of ore mining, production tonnes are within 1% of the model, uranium grade
higher by 12% and pounds U3O8 higher by 11%. At the end of 2003,
based on the production results from previous years, the uranium grade of the zone 2 model
was increased by 6%. Since then, for the years 2004 to 2008,
the reconciliation of mine production with the model is within 5% on the estimated pounds
U3O8, which is considered excellent. Comparing the tonnage mined with
|
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February 16, 2009
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Page 107 of 207 |
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CAMECO CORPORATION
McARTHUR RIVER OPERATION, NORTHERN SASKATCHEWAN, CANADA
NI 43-101 TECHNICAL REPORT
|
the model, production is lower by 8% on tonnage and production grade higher by 14%. The
reason for the differences in tonnage and grade is due to the fact that with the
underground bucket scanner, the mine is able to sort some of the non-mineralized and
non-contaminated dilution material extracted from the raises.
For Mineral Reserves to be mined with the raisebore method, the cut-off is estimated at
20,000 lbs U3O8 per production raise borehole at a minimum grade of
0.8% U3O8. The same cut-off grade is applied for boxhole boring and
blasthole stoping.
17.2.5 |
|
Mineral Resource and Mineral Reserve Classifications |
The criteria for the classification of the mineral resources are the levels of confidence
on the geological interpretation and on the continuity of the uranium grade between sample
locations. On the basis of the drillhole spacing and information obtained through the
mining process, like probing of the pilot hole for the raises, the freeze holes and
temperature monitoring holes, the following criteria are generally used:
Measured Resources: Drillhole spacing approaches 10 m by 10 m in the plan of the
mineralization and the level of confidence on the interpretation and the grade continuity
is high.
Indicated Mineral Resources: Drillhole spacing approaches 30 m by 10 m and additional
information may affect the interpretation and the assumed continuity of the grade.
Inferred Mineral Resources: Drillhole spacing is greater than 30 m by 10 m and the level of
confidence on the interpretation and the continuity of the grade is low.
The mineral reserves classification follows the CIM definitions where once economic
extraction can be justified, Measured Resources become Proven Reserves and Indicated
Resources become Probable Reserves. An additional criterion is applied to reflect a degree
of uncertainty on the modifying factor related to mining. All other modifying factors
(metallurgical, economic, marketing, legal, environmental, social and governmental) are not
expected to have an
effect on the McArthur River mineral reserves. Until Cameco has fully developed and tested
the boxhole boring method, mineral reserves to be excavated with this
|
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February 16, 2009
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Page 108 of 207 |
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CAMECO CORPORATION
McARTHUR RIVER OPERATION, NORTHERN SASKATCHEWAN, CANADA
NI 43-101 TECHNICAL REPORT
|
method are classified as Probable. This is the result of the current uncertainty associated
with the estimated productivity of this mining method.
The Mineral Resource and Mineral Reserve estimates are based on 36 drillholes from surface,
of which 15 holes intersected mineralization, and 632 drillholes from underground, of which
334 holes intersected mineralization.
17.2.6 |
|
Mineral Resource and Mineral Reserve Estimates |
A summary of the estimated Mineral Resources with an effective date of December 31, 2008 is
shown in Table 17-2.
Table 17-2: Summary of Mineral Resources December 31, 2008 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Contained |
|
Camecos Share |
|
|
Tonnes |
|
Grade |
|
Lbs U3O8 |
|
Lbs U3O8 |
Category |
|
(x 1000) |
|
%U3O8 |
|
(millions) |
|
(millions) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Measured |
|
|
209.0 |
|
|
|
9.20 |
|
|
|
42.4 |
|
|
|
29.6 |
|
Indicated |
|
|
39.8 |
|
|
|
8.37 |
|
|
|
7.4 |
|
|
|
5.1 |
|
Total |
|
|
248.8 |
|
|
|
9.07 |
|
|
|
49.7 |
|
|
|
34.7 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Inferred |
|
|
642.6 |
|
|
|
9.81 |
|
|
|
139.0 |
|
|
|
97.0 |
|
|
Notes:
|
|
|
(1) |
|
Cameco reports Mineral Reserves and Mineral Resources separately. Reported
Mineral Resources do not include amounts identified as Mineral Reserves. |
|
(2) |
|
Camecos share is 69.805 % of total Mineral Resources. |
|
(3) |
|
Inferred Mineral Resources have a great amount of uncertainty as to their
existence and as to whether they can be mined legally or economically. It cannot be
assumed that all or any part of the Inferred Mineral Resources will ever be
upgraded to a higher category. |
|
(4) |
|
Mineral Resources have been estimated at a minimum mineralized thickness of 1.0
m and at cut-off grade of 0.1% to 0.5% U3O8. |
|
(5) |
|
The geological model employed for McArthur River involves geological
interpretations on section and plan derived from surface and underground drillhole
information. |
|
(6) |
|
The Mineral Resources have been estimated with no allowance for dilution or
mining recovery. |
|
(7) |
|
Mineral Resources were estimated on the assumption of using the raisebore,
boxhole and blasthole stoping mining methods combined with freeze curtains. |
|
(8) |
|
Mineral Resources were estimated using cross-sectional method and 3-dimensional
block models. |
|
(9) |
|
Environmental, permitting, legal, title, taxation, socio-economic, political,
marketing or other issues are not expected to materially affect the above estimate
of Mineral Resources. |
|
(10) |
|
Mineral Resources that are not Mineral Reserves do not have demonstrated
economic viability. |
|
(11) |
|
Totals may not add up due to rounding. |
|
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February 16, 2009
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Page 109 of 207 |
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CAMECO CORPORATION
McARTHUR RIVER OPERATION, NORTHERN SASKATCHEWAN, CANADA
NI 43-101 TECHNICAL REPORT
|
A summary of the estimated Mineral Reserves with an effective date of December 31, 2008 is
shown in Table 17-3.
Table 17-3: Summary of Mineral Reserves December 31, 2008
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Contained |
|
Camecos Share |
|
|
Tonnes |
|
Grade |
|
Lbs U3O8 |
|
Lbs U3O8 |
Category |
|
(x 1000) |
|
%U3O8 |
|
(millions) |
|
(millions) |
|
Proven |
|
|
449.2 |
|
|
|
17.18 |
|
|
|
170.1 |
|
|
|
118.8 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Probable |
|
|
280.0 |
|
|
|
26.33 |
|
|
|
162.5 |
|
|
|
113.4 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total |
|
|
729.2 |
|
|
|
20.69 |
|
|
|
332.6 |
|
|
|
232.2 |
|
|
Notes:
|
|
|
(1) |
|
Lbs U3O8 are those contained in Mineral Reserves and are
not adjusted for the estimated metallurgical recovery of 98.4%. |
|
(2) |
|
Camecos share is 69.805% of total Mineral Reserves. |
|
(3) |
|
McArthur River Mineral Reserves have been estimated at a cut-off grade of 0.8%
U3O8. |
|
(4) |
|
The geological model employed for McArthur River involves geological
interpretations on section and plan derived from surface and underground drillhole
information. |
|
(5) |
|
Mineral Reserves have been estimated with an average allowance of 20% dilution
from backfill mined. |
|
(6) |
|
Mineral Reserves have been estimated based on 95% mining recovery. |
|
(7) |
|
Mineral Reserves were estimated based on the use of the raisebore, boxhole and
blasthole stoping mining methods combined with freeze curtains. All material
extracted by mining is radiometrically scanned for grade and that which is greater
than 0.8% U3O8 is treated as ore and is fed to an initial
processing circuit located underground consisting of grinding to produce an ore
slurry which is hoisted hydraulically by pumps to surface. On surface the ore
slurry is transported to the Key Lake mill for final processing and production of
uranium. The mining rate is planned to vary between 110 and 130 t/d at a full mill
production rate of 18.7 million pounds U3O8 per year based on
98.4% mill recovery. |
|
(8) |
|
Mineral Reserves were estimated using a 3-dimensional block model. |
|
(9) |
|
For the purpose of estimating Mineral Reserves in accordance with NI 43-101, an
average price of US$47/lb U3O8 was used. For the purpose of
estimating Mineral Reserves in accordance with US Securities and Exchange
Commissions Industry Guide 7, an average price of US$70/lb
U3O8 was used. Estimated Mineral Reserves are similar at
either price because of the insensitivity of the Mineral Reserves to the cut-off
grade over the range of these two prices. |
|
(10) |
|
The key economic parameters underlying the Mineral Reserves include a
conversion from US$ dollars to Cdn$ dollars using a fixed exchange rate of US$1.00
= Cdn$1.22. |
|
(11) |
|
Environmental, permitting, legal, title, taxation, socio-economic, political,
marketing, or other issues are not expected to materially affect the above estimate
of Mineral Reserves. |
|
(12) |
|
Totals may not add up due to rounding. |
The current mine plan has been designed to extract all the current Mineral Reserves.
Mineral Resources in the Measured, Indicated and Inferred Mineral Resource categories have
not been included in the current mine plans. Mineral Resources have no demonstrated
economic viability. A breakdown of Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserve estimates by
zones, as of December 31, 2008 are shown in Table 17-4.
|
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|
February 16, 2009
|
|
Page 110 of 207 |
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|
|
CAMECO CORPORATION
McARTHUR RIVER OPERATION, NORTHERN SASKATCHEWAN, CANADA
NI 43-101 TECHNICAL REPORT
|
Table 17-4: Mineral Reserves and Resources by Zones December 31, 2008
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Contained |
|
Camecos Share |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Tonnes |
|
Grade |
|
Lbs U3O8 |
|
Lbs U3O8 |
Category |
|
Area |
|
(x1000) |
|
% U3O8 |
|
(millions) |
|
(millions) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Reserves |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Proven |
|
MCA Stockpile |
|
|
3.5 |
|
|
|
23.39 |
|
|
|
1.8 |
|
|
|
1.3 |
|
|
|
|
|
KEY Stockpile |
|
|
0.6 |
|
|
|
16.71 |
|
|
|
0.2 |
|
|
|
0.2 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total Stockpile |
|
|
4.1 |
|
|
|
22.23 |
|
|
|
2.0 |
|
|
|
1.4 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Zone 2 |
|
|
368.6 |
|
|
|
14.22 |
|
|
|
115.6 |
|
|
|
80.7 |
|
|
|
|
|
Zone 4 |
|
|
7.7 |
|
|
|
31.15 |
|
|
|
52.5 |
|
|
|
36.7 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total In-Situ |
|
|
445.1 |
|
|
|
17.13 |
|
|
|
168.1 |
|
|
|
117.3 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total Proven |
|
|
449.2 |
|
|
|
17.18 |
|
|
|
170.1 |
|
|
|
118.8 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Probable |
|
Zone 1 |
|
|
60.0 |
|
|
|
26.62 |
|
|
|
35.2 |
|
|
|
24.6 |
|
|
|
|
|
Zone 3 |
|
|
59.9 |
|
|
|
14.46 |
|
|
|
19.1 |
|
|
|
13.3 |
|
|
|
|
|
Zone 4 |
|
|
160.0 |
|
|
|
30.66 |
|
|
|
108.2 |
|
|
|
75.5 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total Probable |
|
|
280.0 |
|
|
|
26.33 |
|
|
|
162.5 |
|
|
|
113.4 |
|
|
Total Reserves |
|
|
729.2 |
|
|
|
20.69 |
|
|
|
332.6 |
|
|
|
232.2 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Resources |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Measured |
|
Zone 1 |
|
|
22.0 |
|
|
|
10.22 |
|
|
|
5.0 |
|
|
|
3.5 |
|
|
|
|
|
Zone 2 |
|
|
34.1 |
|
|
|
6.48 |
|
|
|
4.9 |
|
|
|
3.4 |
|
|
|
|
|
Zone 4 |
|
|
18.9 |
|
|
|
10.20 |
|
|
|
4.2 |
|
|
|
3.0 |
|
|
|
|
|
Zone 4South |
|
|
134.0 |
|
|
|
9.58 |
|
|
|
28.3 |
|
|
|
19.8 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total Measured |
|
|
209.0 |
|
|
|
9.20 |
|
|
|
42.4 |
|
|
|
29.6 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Indicated |
|
Zone 1 |
|
|
21.2 |
|
|
|
9.82 |
|
|
|
4.6 |
|
|
|
3.2 |
|
|
|
|
|
Zone 2 |
|
|
16.8 |
|
|
|
6.13 |
|
|
|
2.3 |
|
|
|
1.6 |
|
|
|
|
|
Zone 3 |
|
|
1.8 |
|
|
|
12.52 |
|
|
|
0.5 |
|
|
|
0.3 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total Indicated |
|
|
39.8 |
|
|
|
8.37 |
|
|
|
7.4 |
|
|
|
5.1 |
|
|
Total Measured & Indicated |
|
|
248.8 |
|
|
|
9.07 |
|
|
|
49.7 |
|
|
|
34.7 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Inferred |
|
Zone 4South |
|
|
98.1 |
|
|
|
4.26 |
|
|
|
9.2 |
|
|
|
6.4 |
|
|
|
|
|
McA South |
|
|
82.3 |
|
|
|
16.66 |
|
|
|
30.2 |
|
|
|
21.1 |
|
|
|
|
|
Zone A |
|
|
255.6 |
|
|
|
8.19 |
|
|
|
46.2 |
|
|
|
32.2 |
|
|
|
|
|
Zone B |
|
|
151.3 |
|
|
|
14.90 |
|
|
|
49.7 |
|
|
|
34.7 |
|
|
|
|
|
McA North |
|
|
55.3 |
|
|
|
3.06 |
|
|
|
3.7 |
|
|
|
2.6 |
|
|
Total Inferred |
|
|
642.6 |
|
|
|
9.81 |
|
|
|
139.0 |
|
|
|
97.0 |
|
The footnotes under Tables 17-2 and 17-3 apply equally to Table 17-4.
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February 16, 2009
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Page 111 of 207 |
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CAMECO CORPORATION
McARTHUR RIVER OPERATION, NORTHERN SASKATCHEWAN, CANADA
NI 43-101 TECHNICAL REPORT
|
|
17.3 |
|
Discussion on Factors Potentially Affecting Materiality of Mineral Resources and
Mineral Reserves |
The qualified person that estimated the mineral resources and mineral reserves is satisfied
with the quality of data obtained from the surface exploration and underground drilling at
McArthur River and considers it valid for use in the estimate of Mineral Resources and
Mineral Reserves at McArthur River. This is supported by the annual reconciliation of the
mine production to within 5% of the estimate of pounds of uranium for the last five years.
As in the case for most mining projects the extent to which the estimate of Mineral
Resources and Mineral Reserves may be affected by environmental, permitting, legal, title,
taxation, socio-economics, political, marketing or other issues could vary from major gains
to total losses of Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves. The qualified person is not
aware of any pending issues that could materially affect the McArthur River Mineral
Resource and Mineral Reserve estimates.
The extent to which the estimate of Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves may be
materially affected by mining, metallurgical, infrastructure and other relevant factors
could vary from major gains to total losses of resources and reserves. The qualified
person is not aware of any scientific or technical issues that, at this time, could
materially affect the McArthur River Mineral Resource and Reserve estimates. The raise bore
and boxhole mining methods and the overall mining and freezing plans for McArthur River
have been developed specifically to mitigate the mining challenges such as the low strength
of the rock formation, the groundwater and the high radiation levels, and to mine the
deposit in a safe and economic fashion. Unexpected geological or hydrogeological conditions
or adverse mining conditions could negatively affect the Mineral Resource and Mineral
Reserve estimates.
The project risks are discussed further in Section 19.10.
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February 16, 2009
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Page 112 of 207 |
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|
CAMECO CORPORATION
McARTHUR RIVER OPERATION, NORTHERN SASKATCHEWAN, CANADA
NI 43-101 TECHNICAL REPORT
|
18 |
|
ADDITIONAL REQUIREMENTS FOR
TECHNICAL REPORTS ON
DEVELOPMENT PROPERTIES AND
PRODUCTION PROPERTIES |
This section describes the technical aspects of underground mine operations, including the
mine stability and ground support, hydrogeology, test mining activities, selection of
mining methods, mine development, mining system, and services.
18.1.1 Geotechnical Characteristics of the Deposit
Two of the primary geotechnical challenges in mining the McArthur River deposit are control
of groundwater and ground support in areas of weak rock. These challenges occur
concurrently in the immediate area of massive mineralization, in areas where the rock is
fractured and faulted, and in the overlying sandstone.
In general, the poorest ground conditions have been encountered in the hanging wall
sandstone along the western edge of the mineralization, following the trend of the P2
fault, up from the footwall unconformity to the tip of the basement wedge.
Mining activities have encountered a number of different geotechnical classified zones.
These have been classified as follows:
|
|
|
Very good ground with minimal ground support required. Generally occurs within the
underlying quartzite block |
|
|
|
|
Good ground with local tectonics and/or alteration. Generally occurs within the
underlying quartzite block, and upper unaltered sandstone |
|
|
|
|
Generally altered and/or tectonized. Local failure. Generally occurs within the
overlying altered sandstone, the hanging wall block, and the underlying quartzite
block |
|
|
|
|
Altered and tectonized. Ongoing failure without support. Generally occurs within
the hanging wall block area near the ore zone in areas of high alteration, fracturing
and faulting |
|
|
|
|
Very poor ground. Cohesive clay, breccias, etc. Generally occurs in the ore zone,
and in areas of the hanging wall and footwall very near to the ore zone with high
alteration, severe fracturing, and faulting |
|
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|
February 16, 2009
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Page 113 of 207 |
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CAMECO CORPORATION
McARTHUR RIVER OPERATION, NORTHERN SASKATCHEWAN, CANADA
NI 43-101 TECHNICAL REPORT
|
|
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|
Extremely poor ground. Fragmented clay breccias etc. Generally occurs within the
ore zone and footwall altered sandstone |
Geotechnical investigation holes are drilled into any planned mining areas prior to mining.
An analysis of core recovered from these holes helps determine the geotechnical conditions
that may be encountered during mining and help determine the mining design. The conditions
expected to be encountered when mining are geometrically modeled. A sample modeled cross
section of the ore zone and surrounding rocks is shown in Figure 18.
Ground control requirements are dictated by the geological conditions expected to be
encountered. Methods used for ground control include grouted Dywidag rockbolts, grouted
cable bolts, screening with split set bolts, spiling, and shotcrete. Drift sizing is also
dependent on geological conditions encountered.
Development at McArthur can be classified into three categories, low, medium, and high-risk
development based on consideration of water, ground control, and radiation. The
classification system and the action required for development in those areas is detailed in
Table 18-1 and Table 18-2.
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February 16, 2009
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Page 114 of 207 |
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CAMECO CORPORATION
McARTHUR RIVER OPERATION, NORTHERN SASKATCHEWAN, CANADA
NI 43-101 TECHNICAL REPORT
|
Figure 18 Typical Geotechnical Model Section Looking North
|
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February 16, 2009
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Page 115 of 207 |
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CAMECO CORPORATION
McARTHUR RIVER OPERATION, NORTHERN SASKATCHEWAN, CANADA
NI 43-101 TECHNICAL REPORT
|
Table 18-1: Underground Development Risk Classification
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Water |
|
Ground Control |
|
Radiation |
|
|
|
Minimal water
inflow risk, inflow
rate expected to be
less than
100m3
/hr.
|
|
Very Good to Fair Rock
RMR 50% or higher
|
|
No known or
significant
radiation sources
(radiation work
permits generally
not required).
|
|
|
Development in
basement rock at
least 15m away from unconformity
contact.
|
|
GHM 10 to 15
|
|
Manageable within the Code of
Practice without
controls.
|
Low Risk
|
|
|
|
|
|
Examples: Development in
waste or low-grade
ore stringers. Radon and radon progeny levels remain below action levels.
|
|
|
Examples: Water
source from
fracture/joint
system in basement
rock only.
|
|
Medium to long unsupported stand-up
time (weeks to years)
Examples: Surface loose only, small
shallow blocks or wedges (manageable
by bolts & screen).
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Moderate water
inflow risk, inflow
rate expected to be
less than
500m3/hr
|
|
Poor Rock
RMR less than 50% for length of
development advance
|
|
Moderate radiation
sources (radiation
work permits
generally
required).
|
|
|
Development in
basement rock at
least 15m away from
unconformity
contact.
|
|
GHM 20
|
|
Manageable within
the Code of
Practice with
minimum controls
and standard
development
practices.
|
Medium Risk
|
|
Examples: Inflow
risk from an open
drill hole or
geological
structure connected
to the sandstone.
|
|
Short unsupported stand-up time (days
to weeks)
Examples: Ground may unravel or fail
into a stable shape or profile
requiring additional support. May
require spiling to maintain stability
and profile until support is
installed.
|
|
Examples: Development in
high-grade
stringers or short
lengths massive ore
less than 20%.
Radon or radon
progeny levels may
become elevated
above action
levels. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
High Risk
|
|
Substantial inflow
risk, inflow rates
potentially greater
than
500m3
/hr.
Development without
full freeze
protection within
15m of the
unconformity
contact.
Examples: Inflow
risk from multiple
open bore holes or
persistent water
conductive
geological
structure.
Development near
the unconformity
that could result
in an uncontrolled
cave or back
failure triggering
an inflow event.
|
|
Very Poor Rock
RMR < 30% for length of development
GHM 25 or higher
Very short or no unsupported stand-up
(could fail anytime after
excavation). Potential for
uncontrolled run away caving.
Example: Development through
unconsolidated ground.
|
|
Significant
radiation sources
(radiation work
permits always required,
restricted access).
Manageable within
the Code of
Practice with
significant
controls.
Non-standard
development
practices may be
required.
Examples: Development in
massive high-grade
ore greater than
20%. Respiratory
equipment may be
required for radon
or radon progeny. |
|
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|
February 16, 2009
|
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Page 116 of 207 |
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CAMECO CORPORATION
McARTHUR RIVER OPERATION, NORTHERN SASKATCHEWAN, CANADA
NI 43-101 TECHNICAL REPORT
|
Table 18-2: Action Required for Risk Classification
|
|
|
|
|
Action Required |
|
Low Risk
|
|
Standard internal review and approval as per Eng-04 Checking,
reviewing and Approving Process. |
|
Medium Risk
|
|
Standard internal review and approval as per Eng-04 Checking,
reviewing and Approving Process. |
|
High Risk
|
|
All high-risk development is to be formally documented and
approved by the Mine General Manager after internal review and
endorsement by the sites technical experts. In addition,
notification of high-risk development activities is to be made
to the Vice President of Mining prior to commencing with
high-risk development. |
|
18.1.2 Hydrogeology and Mine Dewatering
The deposit and surrounding rocks are highly fractured. The altered sandstone, P2 fault and
unconformity are known areas where water is present with pressures up to 700 psi dependent
on depth and can produce significant flows if intersected. One such intersection occurred in
2003 resulting in a substantial water inflow estimated at 1,100 m3/hr that
resulted in a mine production shutdown of three months. A second inflow occurred in
November 2008 when a small water inflow of 100 m3/hr occurred. This inflow was
quickly managed through the site contingency plans and did not impact on mine production
plans and activities. These inflows are discussed in Section 19.1.
Permeability in the vicinity of the orebody is controlled largely by the presence of open
fractures. In general, the area of highest water flow is delineated by a zone that starts in
the footwall sandstone of the orebody, crosses the nose of the basement wedge, then rises to
the east of the upper unconformity. Other areas of high measured inflows include the upper
unconformity, the footwall sandstone to the west of the orebody, and the P2 fault,
particularly when it deflects vertically into the sandstone.
All mine development to date has attempted to minimize the amount of water encountered. This
was done through extensive grouting and careful placement of mine development away from
known groundwater sources whenever possible as well as ground freezing.
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February 16, 2009
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Page 117 of 207 |
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|
CAMECO CORPORATION
McARTHUR RIVER OPERATION, NORTHERN SASKATCHEWAN, CANADA
NI 43-101 TECHNICAL REPORT
|
|
|
From the geotechnical holes drilled prior to developing a mining area, the hydrogeological
conditions and dissolved radon levels are determined. |
|
|
|
Radon is a natural by-product of the uranium decay series. Under the hydrostatic pressure
present at the depth of the orebody, this gas is highly soluble in groundwater. When
groundwater escapes into the mine workings, it depressurizes, releasing radon gas into the
mine air. The highest radon values encountered are related to the P2 fault near the
mineralized zones. |
|
|
|
The 2008 daily average volume of mine water pumped from underground was approximately 280
m3/hr, not including the 590 Level inflow. |
|
|
|
During the water inflow incident, additional temporary capacity was put in place to treat
the water flows. Construction was completed in 2005 to increase the permanent and
contingency water treatment capacity to approximately 1,500 m3/h. In 2008, Cameco
increased pumping capacity at the McArthur River operation to 1,650 m3/hr from
the previous level of 1,500 m3/hr. The operation has the ability to treat between
750 and 800 m3/hr through the conventional water treatment plant. In addition,
there is another 750 m3/hr contingency water treatment capacity available which
requires regulatory approval to use. Beyond that, there is water storage capability of
50,000 m3 in a surface pond, which could provide several weeks storage for any
inflows in excess of hourly treatment capacity. |
|
|
|
Current discharge rates are limited by the SMOE with the approval to release up to 360
m3/hr during the period of April 15 to June 15 to allow passage of spawning fish
through the downstream Read Creek culvert and up to 833 m3/hr for the remainder
of the year. |
|
|
|
Cameco is working on obtaining regulatory clarity for contingency water treatment and
release in the event of a large water inflow. |
|
|
|
Plans at McArthur River in 2009 are to: |
|
|
|
upgrade the Read Creek culvert to allow fish passage during high flow conditions; |
|
|
|
|
apply to SMOE for removal of the 360 m3/hr flow restriction; and, |
|
|
|
|
submit an application to CNSC and SMOE for formal approval of the McArthur
Contingency Water Management Plan that would allow Cameco to operate the contingency
water treatment plant and discharge at rates up to 1,500 m3/hr during mine
inflow conditions. |
|
|
Mine designs and methods are generally selected according to their ability to mitigate risks
associated with high-pressure water, radiation hazards, and poor ground |
|
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|
February 16, 2009
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Page 118 of 207 |
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|
CAMECO CORPORATION
McARTHUR RIVER OPERATION, NORTHERN SASKATCHEWAN, CANADA
NI 43-101 TECHNICAL REPORT
|
|
|
conditions.
The mining method in use is raisebore mining and is described below. Other planned methods such
as boxhole boring and blasthole stoping are being evaluated for use and are described under
the sub-heading, Mining Methods under Development. |
|
|
|
Ground Freezing |
|
|
|
Prior to mining the ore zone, the footwall areas must be frozen to isolate the ore zone from
the water-bearing sandstones and vertical faults that form the western boundary of the
deposit. Ground freezing also helps stabilize the highly fractured footwall rocks during
mining operations. Ground freezing is accomplished by drilling a series of holes from the
hanging wall through or around the ore zone into the footwall sandstone and circulating
-35oC calcium chloride brine through the rock until frozen. |
|
|
|
Freeze methods used consist of the following: |
|
|
|
Freeze Wall Isolation: Freeze wall isolation consists of creating one or more freeze walls
to isolate an area from water-bearing ground. In order to be effective, the freeze walls
must be tied together and 100% enclosed or anchored into non-water bearing ground. Zone 2
panels 1-3 were isolated from the ground water by creating three freeze walls (north, west
and south) and using the geometry of the thrust fault to take advantage of the non
water-bearing basement rock to seal the top, east and bottom of the zone. |
|
|
|
Mass Freezing: Mass freezing consists of freezing an entire area to isolate it from
water-bearing ground. To date, mass freezing has not been used at McArthur River but is
being considered for the Zone 4 Upper area due to the unfavourable location of the
ore zone in relationship to the basement rock and the potential for improved ground
conditions. |
|
|
|
Freeze Shield Protection: Freeze shield protection consists of creating freeze walls that
are not 100% enclosed. They do no not provide full protection from water, but do help
mitigate the risks associated with developing near water-bearing ground by creating longer
pathways for water to enter a drift or opening. Freeze shields are currently being used for
the Zone 4 530-level development. |
|
|
|
Diamond drills and down-the-hole drills configured for high pressure groundwater drilling
are utilized for freeze hole drilling. All holes are drilled through pressure tested double
lined packers and valves, tested to approximately 8 MPa, and blow-out preventers to prevent
large inflows of water into the mine. Freeze drilling and brine distribution may take up to
two years to install for a new zone. |
|
|
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|
February 16, 2009
|
|
Page 119 of 207 |
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|
CAMECO CORPORATION
McARTHUR RIVER OPERATION, NORTHERN SASKATCHEWAN, CANADA
NI 43-101 TECHNICAL REPORT
|
|
|
Calcium chloride brine at a temperature of -35o C is circulated through the
freeze holes until the ground reaches a temperature of -3o C over a thickness of
4 to 6 m. It takes typically 6 months to form a freeze wall surrounding a planned mining
area before production drilling can commence. An illustration of the freeze hole drilling
for Zone 2 Panel 5 is provided in Figure 18-2. |
|
|
Figure 19 Freeze Hole Drilling |
|
|
|
 |
|
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|
February 16, 2009
|
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Page 120 of 207 |
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|
CAMECO CORPORATION
McARTHUR RIVER OPERATION, NORTHERN SASKATCHEWAN, CANADA
NI 43-101 TECHNICAL REPORT
|
|
|
Raisebore Mining |
|
|
|
The mining of the McArthur River deposit faces a number of challenges including control of
groundwater, weak rock formations, and radiation protection from very high grade uranium.
Based on these challenges, it was identified during initial mining studies that non-entry
mining methods would be required to mine the deposit. |
|
|
|
The raisebore mining method was selected as an innovative approach to meet these challenges
and was adapted to meet the McArthur River conditions. This method has been used to extract
the ore at McArthur River since mine production started in 1999. The method has proven to
be very successful in terms of achieving both budgeted production and safety goals including
low accident frequency and radiation exposure. |
|
|
|
The raisebore method involves drilling a series of raisebore holes through the ore zone.
The ore is collected by remote-controlled scooptrams at the bottom of the raise. Once the
raise is completed, the raise is concrete filled. |
|
|
|
The process involves the development of a raisebore chamber on 530 m level above the ore
zone in the hanging wall. An extraction drift on the 640 m level is excavated below the ore
zone in the basement rocks. The raisebore, located in the upper raisebore chamber, drills a
30.4 cm diameter pilot hole from the raisebore chamber to the extraction chamber below. The
raisebore head is then installed onto the drill shaft in the extraction chamber. A 3.05 m
diameter raise is then bored upward from the extraction drift. There is a certain amount of
waste and low grade ore that is mined with the raisebore below the ore zone. Once the ore
zone is encountered, the material that falls to the bottom of the raise is removed with a
line-of-sight remote-controlled load-haul-dump (LHD) loader and hauled to an ore scanner to
determine the grade of the ore material. |
|
|
|
Material grading above 0.8 % U3O8, is hauled to the underground
grinding circuit and then pumped to surface in a slurry. Material below 0.8%
U3O8, is hauled to the Pollock Shaft and hoisted to surface. |
|
|
|
The raise is mined to the top of the ore zone. The drill head is then lowered to the bottom
of the raise and removed. The raise is then backfilled to limit caving from the walls and
permit the mining of the next raise in sequence. The raises are initially sealed with a
backfill gantry and a 23 m3 concrete plug is pumped from the bottom of the raise.
After a 48-hour curing period, a 100 m3 second pour is pumped from the top of the
raise onto the 23 m3 plug pour. After a 24-hour curing period the gantry is
removed and the plug is bolted for reinforcement. The remainder of the raise is then filled
with concrete from the top of the raise by pouring the concrete down the pilot hole from the
upper raisebore chamber. Spacing on the raises is such that adjacent raises will intersect
the previous raises by a small amount to maximize ore recovery.Once the ore has been |
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McARTHUR RIVER OPERATION, NORTHERN SASKATCHEWAN, CANADA
NI 43-101 TECHNICAL REPORT
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mined below the raisebore chamber, the chamber is concrete filled. Pressure grouting is performed
to ensure the opening is completely filled. A new raisebore chamber is mined directly
beside the previous chamber, day lighting the poured concrete in the previous chamber. The
process is duplicated for the bottom extraction chamber. raisebore mining will then continue
from the new extraction chamber. |
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This raisebore mining method is shown in Figure 20, Figure 21, Figure 22, and Figure 23. |
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CAMECO CORPORATION
McARTHUR RIVER OPERATION, NORTHERN SASKATCHEWAN, CANADA
NI 43-101 TECHNICAL REPORT
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Figure 20 Raisebore Mining Schematic |
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February 16, 2009
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CAMECO CORPORATION
McARTHUR RIVER OPERATION, NORTHERN SASKATCHEWAN, CANADA
NI 43-101 TECHNICAL REPORT
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Figure 21 Plan of Raisebore Chamber |
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Figure 22 Plan of Extraction Drift |
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CAMECO CORPORATION
McARTHUR RIVER OPERATION, NORTHERN SASKATCHEWAN, CANADA
NI 43-101 TECHNICAL REPORT
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Figure 23 Plan View, Zone 2 Raisebore Locations |
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February 16, 2009
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CAMECO CORPORATION
McARTHUR RIVER OPERATION, NORTHERN SASKATCHEWAN, CANADA
NI 43-101 TECHNICAL REPORT
|
Mining Methods under Development
The raisebore method will continue to be used to extract ore wherever feasible. However,
this mining method will not suit all the geological situations that exist at McArthur
River, and consequently other methods are being developed. These methods are boxhole boring
and blasthole stoping and are discussed in the following sections. The following mining
methods are not in use at McArthur River, but are being considered for future mining zones.
Boxhole Boring
In 2005, a mining method study determined that a modification to the raisebore method, the
boxhole mining method, would be better suited for the Upper Zones 1, 3 and 4 because it
would allow development from a preferred location due to the presence of the overlying
water bearing sandstones. Boxhole boring is similar to the raisebore method with the main
difference being that the drilling machine is located below the orebody for the box hole
method. Cameco plans to start using this method for production from Upper Zone 4 beginning
in 2013. In addition, this method is planned for the extraction of Upper Zones 1 and 3.
For this method, an extraction chamber is excavated below the ore zone. A drill chamber is
excavated at some distance below the extraction chamber. The boxhole raise drill then
drills a 0.45 m diameter pilot hole upward through the extraction chamber at which point
the reamer is installed on the drill string. The raise is then reamed upward through the
waste and low grade ore until the bottom of the orebody is intersected. The raise is then
continued through the ore zone to top of the orebody. Material falling to the bottom of the
boxhole raise is directed via a chute in the extraction chamber. A line-of-sight remote
control LHD then removes the ore from the extraction chamber and hauls the ore to the
underground grinding circuit. Upon completion of the boxhole raise, the drilling equipment
is removed from the raise and the raise collar is capped. Concrete is then pumped into the
boxhole raise to completely fill the raise. As with the raisebore method, individual
boxholes will intersect slightly with the adjacent boxholes to maximize ore recovery.
A schematic drawing illustrating the boxhole boring mining method is shown in Figure 18-7.
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CAMECO CORPORATION
McARTHUR RIVER OPERATION, NORTHERN SASKATCHEWAN, CANADA
NI 43-101 TECHNICAL REPORT
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Figure 24 Boxhole Boring Mining Schematic
Boxhole boring is a vertical development technique used at a few mines around the world;
however, this would be a first in uranium mining as a production method. As part of the
mining method evaluation and selection process, Cameco personnel visited the El Tiente mine
in Chile, where boxhole boring is used extensively.
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CAMECO CORPORATION
McARTHUR RIVER OPERATION, NORTHERN SASKATCHEWAN, CANADA
NI 43-101 TECHNICAL REPORT
|
Cameco has some experience with boxhole boring as it was tested previously at Rabbit Lake
in 1996 and Cigar Lake in 1991. Both tests showed promising results, but additional testing
at McArthur River will be required to evaluate the productivity of the method, and will
likely require additional operational development during testwork and initial mining
phases.
The technical challenges associated with this mining method include reaming through frozen
ground, raise stability, controlling raise deviation, material handling, and control of
radiation exposure. Accordingly, Cameco has scheduled a long lead-time for implementation
to ensure the technical challenges are understood and risks mitigated. Until Cameco has
fully developed and tested the boxhole boring method at McArthur River, there is
uncertainty in the estimated productivity. A team has been assembled at McArthur River to
develop the boxhole boring method.
Cameco plans to develop and test the boxhole boring method over the next four years. In
2006, Cameco placed an order for a boxhole borer for delivery in 2008 and in 2007 completed
the mine plan for the boxhole boring test area. The first test raise was setup at the end
of 2008 and pilot hole drilling commenced in January 2009. Three raises in waste are
planned for 2009 as is completion of freeze drilling for a boxhole boring ore extraction
test area. The brine distribution system for this area is scheduled to be installed in 2009
as part of the plan for test raise excavation in 2010.
Blasthole Stoping
Blasthole stoping involves establishing drill access above the ore and extraction access
below the ore. The stope is then drilled off and blasted using a raise as a slot. Muck is
removed by line-of-sight scoop. Once a stope is mined out, it will be backfilled to
maintain ground stability and allow the next stope in sequence to be mined. This mining
method has been used extensively in the mining industry, including uranium.
This mining method is being evaluated for small isolated ore zones away from the freeze
walls and where raisebore or boxhole boring is uneconomic or impractical. Figure 25
illustrates an area where longhole stoping may be applied. McArthur River plans to
implement this method for ore remnant recovery in Zone 2, pending regulatory review and
approval.
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CAMECO CORPORATION
McARTHUR RIVER OPERATION, NORTHERN SASKATCHEWAN, CANADA
NI 43-101 TECHNICAL REPORT
|
Figure 25 Blasthole Stoping Mining Schematic
Mine Access and Development
The access to the mine is via the Pollock Shaft, which is a 5.5 m diameter concrete lined
shaft. All workers, equipment, waste rock and low grade material
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CAMECO CORPORATION
McARTHUR RIVER OPERATION, NORTHERN SASKATCHEWAN, CANADA
NI 43-101 TECHNICAL REPORT
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are hoisted, through this
shaft. There are two other shafts, Shaft No.2 and Shaft No.3, which are used primarily as
mine ventilation airways. A second egress emergency hoist and manway is installed in Shaft
No.3. A fourth shaft to access the area north of the Pollock Shaft is currently being
evaluated and implementation will be dependent upon exploratory drilling results.
There are two main levels in the mine, the 530 m level and the 640 m level. The 530 m
level is utilized for production raise bore chambers and freeze drifts, as well as for
exploration drifting. Development is performed by conventional drill and blast methods
using drill jumbos and roadheader mechanical rock cutting techniques where applicable. Most
drifts have poured concrete floors for easy cleanup of spills of ore from haulage equipment
and to reduce levels of gamma radiation in the mine. There is an access ramp connecting
mine levels that provides vehicle and equipment access to the levels.
Underground exploration drilling has identified four mineralized zones (Zones 1 to 4).
Cameco is working on the transition to new mining zones at McArthur River, including mine
planning and development. Since mining startup in 1999, only Zone 2 has been mined. Zone
2 is divided into four panels (1, 2, 3, and 5). To date all production at McArthur has come
from Zone 2, Panels 1, 2, & 3 with approximately 150 million pounds extracted.
As extraction of Zone 2 (panels 1, 2, and 3) progresses, Cameco expects to place Lower Zone
1, Zone 2 (panel 5) and the lower mining area of Zone 4 into production in stages between
2009 and late 2010, subject to regulatory approval. Cameco plans to continue to use the
current raisebore method to extract ore in these zones.
Freeze drilling and raisebore access for Lower Zone 1 has been developed on the 530L. Due
to water risks, the 560 level extraction chamber development will not be driven until the
production freeze wall has been established. Freeze drilling for Lower Zone 1 is
scheduled to begin in the 2nd quarter of 2009.
At Zone 2 (panel 5), the brine system to form the new freeze wall was activated in the
fourth quarter of 2008 and formation of the new freeze wall is in progress. The new freeze
wall is expected to be in place in the second quarter of 2009. Approximately six months of
freeze time are required before the raisebore chamber can be developed. Production is
scheduled for Zone 2 (panel 5) in the second half of 2009. Cameco intends to produce over
85 million pounds of U3O8 from this area.
Development work for lower Zone 4 is progressing. This area is classified as higher risk
development for the raisebore chamber on the upper level and
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CAMECO CORPORATION
McARTHUR RIVER OPERATION, NORTHERN SASKATCHEWAN, CANADA
NI 43-101 TECHNICAL REPORT
|
Cameco has adjusted its
development and production schedules to recognize and mitigate these risks. In 2009,
development of this Zone will continue and freeze hole drilling is expected to take place.
Production from this area is now scheduled for 2010.
During the fourth quarter of 2008, access was successfully re-established along the
previously backfilled Zone 2 Panel 3 freeze wall on the 530 level. This mining area will
be used to extend the life of Panel 3 and is part of the revised production plan for 2009
to address the rescheduling of production from Lower Zone 4.
In November of 2008, the lower extraction area for Lower Zone 4 development on the 590 m
level encountered a small inflow of water that was quickly captured and controlled. This
area was considered low risk development which is defined as having an inflow potential of
less than 100 m3/h or an order of magnitude below our pump and treat capacity.
The inflow has not caused Cameco to alter any planned mining in this area. However, full
grouting of the inflow area is required before development resumes. As of January 2009, the
critical path for production in this area is on the 530 level where freeze drilling will be
carried out and not the 580/590 level extraction area where the inflow was encountered.
Other development on the 580 level continues.
Through much of 2006, freeze-hole drilling advanced at a slower than expected rate due to
technical challenges with drilling through frozen ground. Consequently, Cameco made
improvements to the drill setups, and addressed earlier staffing challenges associated with
getting experienced drillers due to high levels of activity in the exploration diamond
drilling industry. Further, the freeze-hole drilling technique and equipment was modified.
In 2007, Cameco increased the number of drills and crews available for freeze hole
drilling. With these changes the scheduled target drilling rates were achieved throughout
2008 and continue to be achieved.
The yearly forecast drift development totals are shown in Table 18-3.
The overall mine layout is shown on Figure 26.
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CAMECO CORPORATION
McARTHUR RIVER OPERATION, NORTHERN SASKATCHEWAN, CANADA
NI 43-101 TECHNICAL REPORT
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Table 18-3 Planned Yearly Mine Development Summary
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Total |
|
Average |
|
Capital |
|
Operating |
Year |
|
Dev(1) (m) |
|
(m/month) |
|
Dev(1) (m) |
|
Dev(1) (m) |
2009 |
|
|
2363 |
|
|
|
197 |
|
|
|
1457 |
|
|
|
906 |
|
2010 |
|
|
2270 |
|
|
|
189 |
|
|
|
1849 |
|
|
|
421 |
|
2011 |
|
|
2142 |
|
|
|
179 |
|
|
|
1615 |
|
|
|
527 |
|
2012 |
|
|
1143 |
|
|
|
95 |
|
|
|
709 |
|
|
|
434 |
|
2013 |
|
|
544 |
|
|
|
45 |
|
|
|
303 |
|
|
|
241 |
|
2014 |
|
|
731 |
|
|
|
61 |
|
|
|
454 |
|
|
|
277 |
|
2015 |
|
|
855 |
|
|
|
71 |
|
|
|
710 |
|
|
|
145 |
|
2016 |
|
|
1183 |
|
|
|
99 |
|
|
|
1033 |
|
|
|
150 |
|
2017 |
|
|
2098 |
|
|
|
175 |
|
|
|
1836 |
|
|
|
262 |
|
2018 |
|
|
1412 |
|
|
|
118 |
|
|
|
1262 |
|
|
|
150 |
|
2019 |
|
|
740 |
|
|
|
62 |
|
|
|
490 |
|
|
|
250 |
|
2020 |
|
|
400 |
|
|
|
33 |
|
|
|
250 |
|
|
|
150 |
|
2021 |
|
|
382 |
|
|
|
32 |
|
|
|
150 |
|
|
|
232 |
|
2022 |
|
|
300 |
|
|
|
25 |
|
|
|
150 |
|
|
|
150 |
|
2023 |
|
|
300 |
|
|
|
25 |
|
|
|
150 |
|
|
|
150 |
|
2024 |
|
|
300 |
|
|
|
25 |
|
|
|
150 |
|
|
|
150 |
|
2025 |
|
|
300 |
|
|
|
25 |
|
|
|
150 |
|
|
|
150 |
|
2026 |
|
|
300 |
|
|
|
25 |
|
|
|
150 |
|
|
|
150 |
|
2027 |
|
|
300 |
|
|
|
25 |
|
|
|
150 |
|
|
|
150 |
|
2028 |
|
|
275 |
|
|
|
23 |
|
|
|
125 |
|
|
|
150 |
|
2029 |
|
|
275 |
|
|
|
23 |
|
|
|
125 |
|
|
|
150 |
|
2030-2033 |
|
|
0 |
|
|
|
0 |
|
|
|
0 |
|
|
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total |
|
|
18,613 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
13,268 |
|
|
|
5,345 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Note:
(1) Dev is abbreviation for mine development
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CAMECO CORPORATION
McARTHUR RIVER OPERATION, NORTHERN SASKATCHEWAN, CANADA
NI 43-101 TECHNICAL REPORT
|
Figure 26 Mine Layout
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CAMECO CORPORATION
McARTHUR RIVER OPERATION, NORTHERN SASKATCHEWAN, CANADA
NI 43-101 TECHNICAL REPORT
|
Underground Grinding Circuit
The underground grinding and hydraulic pumping system is discussed in Section 16.2.2.
Mine Ventilation
Throughout the underground workings, diesel emissions, blasting gases, radon, and
long-lived radioactive (LLRD) dust are controlled by supplying work areas with sufficient
ventilation airflows.
Two ventilation systems are used to ventilate the underground environment. The primary
ventilation system is driven by surface exhaust fans situated at Shaft No.2 that draw fresh
air down the Pollock Shaft and Shaft No.3, through the main workings underground, and then
up Shaft No.2 to be exhausted to the surface environment. This primary system is
complemented by local secondary negative and positive ducting systems. These systems are
driven by in-line fans that either capture potentially contaminated air for delivery to the
main exhaust system (negative), or supply the appropriate amount of air for working in a
specific area (positive). The primary ventilation system is driven by two of three 700 HP
fans and one 500 HP fan located on surface at Shaft No.2. This system draws air through the
main work areas at specified volumetric flow rates. Fresh air is provided via the Pollock
Shaft and Shaft No.3. The current exhaust rate from the mine is 300 m3/s. It is
anticipated that additional air flows will be required when the production mining of Lower
Zone 4 is brought on line. Existing plans are to increase total underground ventilation to
370 m3/s to meet this increased ventilation requirement.
During the winter months the air is heated to a minimum of +5.0 °C by four 25 million
BTU/hr heaters at the Pollock Shaft and No.3 Shaft.
General ventilation principles followed at McArthur River consist of the following:
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Single pass ventilation used in areas with a significant radon or LLRD potential. |
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Capture and containment of radon at the source location (drill collars, radon
bearing sumps, backfill holes, etc) through the use of secondary negative ventilation
ducting. |
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Equipment operator stations will be located in fresh air and upstream of potential
radiation sources whenever possible. |
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Short-circuiting of air will be from fresh air to exhaust air. |
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CAMECO CORPORATION
McARTHUR RIVER OPERATION, NORTHERN SASKATCHEWAN, CANADA
NI 43-101 TECHNICAL REPORT
|
Materials Handling
Waste and ore material at McArthur River operation are classified as follows in our
licensing documentation:
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Clean Waste: Non-acid generating waste, less than 0.03% U3O8. |
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Potentially Acid Generating (PAG) Waste: Potentially acid generating waste, less
than 0.03% U3O8. |
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Mineralized Waste: Greater than 0.03% U3O8, less than 0.15%
U3O8. |
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Low-Grade Ore: Greater than 0.15% U3O8, less than 2.0%
U3O8. |
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High-Grade Ore: Greater than 2.0% U3O8. |
Clean waste rock, characterized by its low uranium mineralization and low acid generating
potential, is used on site for either surface work or backfill aggregate. PAG and
mineralized waste rock is stored on lined waste pads. The coarse fraction of crushed acid
waste rock is also used in backfill aggregate. Crushed PAG waste, mineralized waste, and
low-grade ore is shipped dry to Key Lake as blend material to reduce mill feed to 4%
U3O8. High-grade ore is sent to the underground grinding circuit,
pumped to surface, and trucked to Key Lake in slurry filled containers. Twelve to fourteen
truckloads of slurried ore are hauled to the Key Lake processing plant daily.
Mine Production Schedules
The current mining plan has been designed to extract all of the estimated Mineral Reserves.
McArthur River currently has sufficient estimated Mineral Reserves to continue production
to 2033. Yearly production is currently limited by McArthur Rivers CNSC operating license
at 18.7 million pounds of U3O8. In 2002, Cameco submitted an
application to increase the annual licence capacity at McArthur River and Key Lake to 22
million pounds per year. This application has been undergoing a screening level
environmental assessment under the Canadian Environmental Assessment Act. (see Section
18.5.2).
It is expected that Mineral Reserves may increase as further exploration continues from
both surface and underground and mining plans are put in place for Zones 4 South, A and B.
Cameco believes there is good potential it will be able to convert portions of the McArthur
River Measured and Indicated Mineral Resources to Mineral Reserves. In order to maintain
annual production at 18.7 million pounds for longer than currently estimated and/or extend
mine life.
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CAMECO CORPORATION
McARTHUR RIVER OPERATION, NORTHERN SASKATCHEWAN, CANADA
NI 43-101 TECHNICAL REPORT
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Mineral Resources that are not Mineral Reserves have no demonstrated economic viability.
The overall annual mine and mill production forecasts are shown in Table 18-4.
Table 18-4 Production Forecast Summary based on Estimated Mineral Reserves
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Mine Production |
|
Mill Production |
|
|
Tonnes |
|
Grade |
|
Lbs U3O8 |
|
Lbs U3O8 |
Year |
|
(t x 1000) |
|
(%U3O
8) |
|
(millions) |
|
(millions)(1) |
2009 |
|
|
41.7 |
|
|
|
19.48 |
|
|
|
17.9 |
|
|
|
18.7 |
|
2010 |
|
|
43.2 |
|
|
|
19.64 |
|
|
|
18.7 |
|
|
|
18.7 |
|
2011 |
|
|
43.9 |
|
|
|
19.34 |
|
|
|
18.7 |
|
|
|
18.7 |
|
2012 |
|
|
45.6 |
|
|
|
18.61 |
|
|
|
18.7 |
|
|
|
18.7 |
|
2013 |
|
|
42.3 |
|
|
|
18.61 |
|
|
|
18.7 |
|
|
|
18.7 |
|
2014 |
|
|
49.5 |
|
|
|
17.12 |
|
|
|
18.7 |
|
|
|
18.7 |
|
2015 |
|
|
43.7 |
|
|
|
19.42 |
|
|
|
18.7 |
|
|
|
18.5 |
|
2016 |
|
|
51.9 |
|
|
|
16.36 |
|
|
|
18.7 |
|
|
|
18.5 |
|
2017 |
|
|
36.1 |
|
|
|
22.26 |
|
|
|
17.7 |
|
|
|
18.5 |
|
2018 |
|
|
44.3 |
|
|
|
12.47 |
|
|
|
12.2 |
|
|
|
13.0 |
|
2019 |
|
|
46.0 |
|
|
|
10.91 |
|
|
|
11.1 |
|
|
|
11.5 |
|
2020 |
|
|
21.8 |
|
|
|
23.17 |
|
|
|
11.1 |
|
|
|
11.0 |
|
2021 |
|
|
21.3 |
|
|
|
23.40 |
|
|
|
11.0 |
|
|
|
11.0 |
|
2022 |
|
|
22.7 |
|
|
|
22.04 |
|
|
|
11.0 |
|
|
|
11.0 |
|
2023 |
|
|
21.8 |
|
|
|
23.00 |
|
|
|
11.0 |
|
|
|
11.0 |
|
2024 |
|
|
17.1 |
|
|
|
29.18 |
|
|
|
11.0 |
|
|
|
11.0 |
|
2025 |
|
|
17.1 |
|
|
|
29.18 |
|
|
|
11.0 |
|
|
|
11.0 |
|
2026 |
|
|
17.1 |
|
|
|
29.18 |
|
|
|
11.0 |
|
|
|
11.0 |
|
2027 |
|
|
17.1 |
|
|
|
29.18 |
|
|
|
11.0 |
|
|
|
11.0 |
|
2028 |
|
|
16.9 |
|
|
|
29.18 |
|
|
|
10.9 |
|
|
|
11.0 |
|
2029 |
|
|
16.9 |
|
|
|
29.18 |
|
|
|
10.9 |
|
|
|
11.0 |
|
2030 |
|
|
14.5 |
|
|
|
29.10 |
|
|
|
9.3 |
|
|
|
9.3 |
|
2031 |
|
|
13.4 |
|
|
|
29.05 |
|
|
|
8.6 |
|
|
|
8.5 |
|
2032 |
|
|
10.4 |
|
|
|
30.67 |
|
|
|
7.0 |
|
|
|
7.5 |
|
2033 |
|
|
8.8 |
|
|
|
30.67 |
|
|
|
6.0 |
|
|
|
6.3 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total |
|
|
725.1 |
|
|
|
20.68 |
|
|
|
330.6 |
|
|
|
333.8 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Notes:
|
|
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|
(1) |
|
Mill production lbs U3O8 based on overall milling recovery of
98.4% and stockpiled material. |
|
(2) |
|
Camecos share of mine and mill production is 69.805%. |
The annual production from McArthur River is forecast at a rate of 18.7 million pounds
U3O8 per year until 2016 and gradually declines thereafter until
2033. Cameco estimates that McArthur River will have a mine life of at least 25
years.
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CAMECO CORPORATION
McARTHUR RIVER OPERATION, NORTHERN SASKATCHEWAN, CANADA
NI 43-101 TECHNICAL REPORT
|
Figure 27 Life of Mine Production Summary Mineral Reserves only
18.2 Recoverability
For production scheduling purposes an overall uranium process recovery of 98.4% has been
used. The processing of the McArthur River ore is described in Section 1 and the overall
uranium process recovery is discussed in Section 16.3.1.
This recovery is similar to that achieved at Camecos other Saskatchewan operations. For
comparison, the Rabbit Lake mill treating Eagle Point mine ore achieves a recovery of
97.0%. The lower recovery at the Rabbit Lake mill is due to the lower feed grade from the
mine to the mill as compared to the McArthur River ore feeding the Key Lake mill.
For a discussion of mining recovery used in the Mineral Reserve estimate see Section
17.2.6.
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CAMECO CORPORATION
McARTHUR RIVER OPERATION, NORTHERN SASKATCHEWAN, CANADA
NI 43-101 TECHNICAL REPORT
|
18.3 Markets
18.3.1 |
|
Worldwide Uranium Supply and Demand |
The uranium market supply and demand fundamentals remain strong and point to a need for
more primary mine production over the coming decade. During the past 23 years, uranium
consumption has exceeded mine production by a wide margin, with the difference being made
up from various types of inventory and recycled products, often collectively referred to as
secondary sources. World uranium production and consumption is summarized in Figure 18-11.
Figure 28 World Uranium Production and Consumption 2006-2008
Statements contained in this technical report which are not current statements or
historical facts such as forecasts of uranium demand and uranium supply are
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forward-looking information (as defined under Canadian securities laws) and
forward-looking statements (as defined in the U.S. Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as
amended) which may be material and that involve risks, uncertainties and other factors that
may cause actual results to differ materially from those expressed or implied by them.
Forward-looking information and statements are based on a number of assumptions which may
prove to be incorrect. There can be no assurances that forward-looking information and
statements will prove to be accurate, as actual results and future events could vary, or
differ materially, from those anticipated in them. Accordingly, readers of this technical
report should not place undue reliance on forward-looking information and statements.
Uranium Demand
Overall, nuclear power trends support moderately growing demand for uranium and conversion
services in the next 10 years, with the potential for more rapid growth thereafter.
Cameco estimates the world uranium consumption totalled about 172 million pounds in 2008,
similar to 2007. In 2009, Cameco estimates world uranium demand to increase to about 181
million pounds. Annual world uranium consumption could reach 226 million pounds in 2018,
reflecting an annual growth rate of almost 3%.
Growth in demand could be tempered as uranium price increases encourage utilities to
utilize more enrichment services and less uranium. Uranium demand is
affected by the enrichment process, which is one of the steps in making most nuclear fuel.
Utilities choose the amount of uranium and enrichment services they will use depending on
the price of each. Utilities may substitute enrichment for uranium, thereby decreasing the
demand for uranium and increasing the demand for enrichment. For example, when uranium
prices rise, utilities tend to use more enrichment, assuming enrichment prices remain
constant. If enrichment prices increase, utilities would likely use less enrichment and
more uranium. The tails assay (percentage of uranium left after processing) is an
indication of the mix of uranium and enrichment used. At different prices for uranium,
conversion, and enrichment services there is a combination that minimizes the fuel cost
which is called the optimal tails assay. The lower the tails assay, the less uranium is
being used.
As of December 31, 2008 the uranium price had increased in excess of 250% since December
31, 2003. Over the same period, enrichment prices have increased by only 47%. Thus,
utilities are choosing lower tails assay under their enrichment contracts, using less
uranium and more enrichment services.
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McARTHUR RIVER OPERATION, NORTHERN SASKATCHEWAN, CANADA
NI 43-101 TECHNICAL REPORT
|
Based on current demand, a 0.01% decrease in tails assay would decrease uranium
requirements by 2%, or about 3 million pounds of uranium per year, and increase the demand
for enrichment services by 2%. It is important to note that there is a limit to the
enrichment capacity that is currently available. In addition, enrichment contracts
generally limit the ability to substitute enrichment for uranium. In the past, enrichers
offered a wide range of tails assay, much like volume flexibilities on uranium contracts.
Currently, enrichers are offering tails assay ranging from 0.25% to 0.30%, thus, over time,
as old enrichment contracts expire, we expect that the average tails assay will move to
this range.
Uranium Supply
World uranium supply comes from primary mine production and a number of secondary sources.
Mine Production
Cameco estimates world mine production in 2008 was about 115 million pounds
U3O8, up 7% from 107 million pounds in 2007. Cameco
expects world production to total in the range of 125 to 130 million pounds in 2009.
However, production targets are not always easily achievable.
Cameco expects that, with higher uranium prices, new mines will continue to start up, but
the lead time before they enter commercial production may be lengthy depending on the
region. As a result, primary supply will be less than world consumption in the near-term.
The level of increase in primary mine production is dependent on a number of factors,
including:
|
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strength of uranium prices, |
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|
|
efficiency of regulatory regimes in various regions, |
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quality and size of the mineral reserves, |
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|
currency exchange rates in producer countries compared to the US dollar, |
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|
prices for other mineral commodities produced in association with uranium (i.e.
by-product or co-product producers), |
|
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|
availability and sufficiency of required infrastructure and skilled workforce, and |
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availability of financing for exploration projects and mine development. |
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CAMECO CORPORATION
McARTHUR RIVER OPERATION, NORTHERN SASKATCHEWAN, CANADA
NI 43-101 TECHNICAL REPORT
|
The 2008 world uranium production broken down by country is shown in Figure 29.
Figure 29 2008 World Uranium Production by Country
Secondary Sources
Secondary sources of supply consist of surplus US, Russian and other military materials,
excess commercial inventory and recycled products. Recycled products include reprocessed
uranium, mixed oxide fuel, and re-enriched tails material. Some utilities use reprocessed
uranium and mixed oxide fuel recovered from used reactor fuel. In recent years, another
source of supply has been re-enriched depleted uranium tails generated using excess
enrichment capacity. Cameco estimates these recycled products will account for about 5% of
world requirements over the next 10 years. With the exception of recycled products,
secondary supplies are finite. Currently, most recycled products are a high-cost fuel
alternative and are used by utilities in only a few countries.
One of the largest sources of secondary supply is the uranium derived from Russian highly
enriched uranium (HEU). As a result of the 1993 HEU agreement
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McARTHUR RIVER OPERATION, NORTHERN SASKATCHEWAN, CANADA
NI 43-101 TECHNICAL REPORT
|
between the US and Russia to
reduce the number of nuclear weapons, additional supplies of uranium have been available to
the market. Under the 20-year agreement, weapons-grade HEU is blended down in Russia to low
enriched uranium capable of being used in western world nuclear power plants. Cameco
estimates that uranium derived from Russian HEU could meet about 6% of world consumption
over the next 10 years based upon deliveries under the current Russian HEU commercial
agreement. All deliveries will be made by 2013, when the 1993 HEU agreement expires. In
parallel, the US has made some of its military inventories available to the market,
although in quantities much smaller than those derived from the 1993 Russian HEU agreement.
Cameco expects about 3% of world demand through 2018 will be met from this source.
With respect to non-military excess inventories, Cameco believes most of these excess
inventories have been consumed. In recent years, there has been evidence of this trend
reversing, with some utilities purchasing uranium to build strategic inventories.
Over the next 10 years, with new mines under development, such as Cigar Lake and Inkai,
this shortfall between consumption and production is expected to narrow slowly. The
production response is expected to remain challenged, while demand is expected to continue
growing due to better reactor operations, reactor upgrades, life extensions, and the
construction of new units. However, there are a number of potential new mines and planned
mine expansions that are expected to help meet this shortfall, but the timing and
production rates are uncertain.
Uranium production in 2008 met about 67% of global uranium requirements. Secondary supplies
(such as recycling and blended down HEU) continue to bridge the gap and this is expected to
continue in the near future.
18.3.2 |
|
Uranium Markets and Prices |
Utilities secure a substantial percentage of their uranium requirements by entering into
long-term contracts with uranium suppliers. These contracts usually provide for deliveries
to begin two to four years after contracts are finalized. In awarding contracts, utilities
consider the commercial terms offered, including price, and the producers record of
performance and uranium mineral reserves.
There are a number of pricing formulas, including fixed prices adjusted by inflation
indices, market referenced prices (spot and/or long-term indicators). Many contracts also
contain floor prices, ceiling prices and other negotiated provisions that affect the amount
ultimately paid.
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CAMECO CORPORATION
McARTHUR RIVER OPERATION, NORTHERN SASKATCHEWAN, CANADA
NI 43-101 TECHNICAL REPORT
|
Utilities acquire the remainder of their uranium requirements through spot purchases from
producers and traders. Spot market purchases are those that call for delivery within one
year. Traders and investors or investment funds are active in the market and generally
source their uranium from organizations holding excess inventory, including utilities,
producers, and governments.
Uranium Spot Market
The industry average spot price (TradeTech and Ux Consulting (UxC)) on December 31, 2008,
was $52.50 (US) per pound U3O8, a 41% decrease from the December 31,
2007, price of $89.50 (US). Spot market volume more than doubled in 2008 to about 43
million pounds U3O8 from 20 million pounds U3O8
in 2007. The 2008 volume exceeded the previous high of 42 million pounds recorded in 1995.
Historically, the volume traded in the spot market ranged from 10% to 15% of annual
consumption.
The main spot sellers in 2008 were the traders and financial players. The latter liquidated
volumes late in the year as a result of the world financial turmoil. As a result of the
lower spot price in 2008 relative to 2007, utilities returned to the spot market and
represented slightly less than half of all spot purchases. Since the utilities average
inventory levels have increased over the last several years, and financial restraint is
likely, we expect more price volatility in 2009.
The spot and long term uranium contract volumes for the period 2006 to 2008 are shown in
Figure 18-13.
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February 16, 2009
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CAMECO CORPORATION
McARTHUR RIVER OPERATION, NORTHERN SASKATCHEWAN, CANADA
NI 43-101 TECHNICAL REPORT
|
Figure 30 Spot and Long Term Uranium Contract Volumes 2006-2008
Long-Term Uranium Market
The industry average long-term price (TradeTech and UxC) on December 31, 2008 was US$70.00
per pound U3O8, down 26% from US$95.00 at December 31, 2007.
Cameco estimates long-term contracting in 2008 to have been about 130 million pounds
U3O8, approximately half the volumes contracted in 2007, but still
above the annual average levels prior to 2005.
The increased volatility in the spot market, the large differential between spot and term
market prices, as well as the fact that most utilities are well covered for the next
several years contributed to the lower contracting level when compared to 2007. Cameco
estimates the 2009 long-term contracting volume will be comparable or lower than the 2008
level, but this is highly dependent upon supply developments, market expectations and
market prices.
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CAMECO CORPORATION
McARTHUR RIVER OPERATION, NORTHERN SASKATCHEWAN, CANADA
NI 43-101 TECHNICAL REPORT
|
18.4 Contracts
Cameco has unionized employees at its McArthur River mine and Key Lake mill. The
collective agreement covering these unionized employees will expire December 31, 2009.
18.4.2 |
|
Operational Support |
There are a number of important contracts that support uranium mining at McArthur River and
uranium milling at Key Lake.
For McArthur River, these contracts include an underground mining contract, a freeze hole
drilling contract, various reagent supply contracts, such as propane for winter operation,
and an electrical supply contract. There are also construction contracts entered into from
time to time to support site operations, including for capital improvements.
For Key Lake, these contracts include various reagent supply contracts, such as propane and
electrical supply. As part of the planned revitalization of the Key Lake mill, a number of
engineering and construction contracts have, or will be, entered into. These include
construction contracts which have been entered into for the replacement of the acid plant
and oxygen plant with construction planned to commence in 2009, subject to regulatory
approval. The construction of the
replacement acid and oxygen plants is planned for completion in 2011, at the earliest.
Cameco believes the contracts entered into, or to be entered into, in support of the
McArthur River and Key Lake operations generally will reflect industry standards and rates
for Saskatchewan uranium mining and milling operations in the operation phase.
18.4.3 |
|
Toll Milling Contracts |
The KLJV has entered into a toll milling agreement with AREVA for the processing of all of
AREVAs share of McArthur River ore at the Key Lake mill. The terms of the agreement
include a provision for processing at cost plus a toll milling fee. The KLJV is responsible
for decommissioning the Key Lake mill, including the costs of any tailing management
associated with milling AREVAs McArthur River ore. After June 1, 2009, the agreement shall
automatically be extended for one year periods unless six months notice is given by AREVA
stating its desire to terminate the agreement effective at the end of any operating
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year.
The KLJV is operated by Cameco and is owned by Cameco (66 2/3%) and UEM (33 1/3%). UEM is
owned equally by Cameco and AREVA.
Cameco and UEM, the remaining owners of the MRJV, have agreed that milling of each partys
share of McArthur River ore will be accomplished through the KLJV and it is not necessary
for Cameco and UEM to enter into formal toll milling agreements with the KLJV.
18.4.4 |
|
Uranium Sales Contracts |
Uranium Sales Contracts Portfolio
Cameco has a long-term uranium sales contract portfolio to supply uranium to its customers.
This uranium is projected to come from Camecos operating mines, including McArthur River,
and mines under development, including Cigar Lake, and from Camecos spot and long term
uranium purchase contracts. The commercial terms of these contracts are confidential.
A majority of Camecos long term uranium sales contracts contain supply interruption
provisions which allow Cameco to reduce, defer or terminate deliveries in the event of any
shortfall in planned production or deliveries under the HEU Agreement.
Impact of Uranium Sales Contracts on McArthur River Economic Analysis
Uranium contract terms generally reflect market conditions when the contracts are
negotiated. After a contract negotiation is completed, deliveries under a long-term
contract generally do not begin for several years. Cameco believes the terms of its
long-term uranium sales contracts generally reflect industry norms.
As a result of Camecos contracting strategy and the increase in the uranium price over the
past few years, Camecos average realized price for uranium sales in 2008 was $39.52 (US)
per pound U3O8. The 2008 industry average spot price (Trade Tech and
UxC) was $61.58 (US) per pound U3O8. The 2008 industry average
long-term uranium price (Trade Tech and UxC) was $82.50 (US) per pound
U3O8.
Uranium Price Assumptions
A spot price projection, as of December 31, 2008, has been incorporated into the realized
price projection for the purpose of the economic analysis. The spot price projection is
consistent with various independent forecasts of supply and demand fundamentals and price
projections at that time. To the extent the independent
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McARTHUR RIVER OPERATION, NORTHERN SASKATCHEWAN, CANADA
NI 43-101 TECHNICAL REPORT
|
forecasts did not extend their
projections to cover the entire expected mine life of McArthur River, the projections have
been extrapolated forward to the end of the anticipated mine life.
Cameco has historically sold U3O8 under
long-term contracts, at
prices that reflect the market conditions at the time of negotiation. Cameco has committed
a significant quantity of its future production and purchased material to be delivered
through its existing portfolio of long-term sales contracts. The remaining future
production will be sold under yet to be negotiated arrangements. For purposes of the
economic analysis, Camecos portion of McArthur River production is assumed to be sold into
a mix of committed volumes and uncommitted volumes in the same proportion that Cameco
expects to sell based on its current level of committed sales relative to its total sales
targets.
Table 18-5 outlines the projected average uranium sales prices, taking into account
Camecos current level of sales commitments and the independent spot price projections. The
price projections are stated in constant 2009 dollars.
Table 18-5 Projected Average U3O8 Sales Prices
|
|
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Price Assumptions |
|
2009 |
|
|
2010 |
|
|
2011 |
|
|
2012 |
|
|
2013 |
|
|
2014 |
|
|
2015 |
|
|
2016 |
|
|
2017 |
|
|
2018 |
|
|
2019 |
|
|
2020 |
|
|
2021 |
|
McArthur River Average Price $USD/lb |
|
|
39 |
|
|
|
47 |
|
|
|
49 |
|
|
|
51 |
|
|
|
57 |
|
|
|
56 |
|
|
|
54 |
|
|
|
55 |
|
|
|
55 |
|
|
|
56 |
|
|
|
57 |
|
|
|
58 |
|
|
|
59 |
|
McArthur River Average Price $Cdn/lb |
|
|
47 |
|
|
|
57 |
|
|
|
60 |
|
|
|
62 |
|
|
|
69 |
|
|
|
68 |
|
|
|
66 |
|
|
|
67 |
|
|
|
68 |
|
|
|
69 |
|
|
|
70 |
|
|
|
70 |
|
|
|
72 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Price Assumptions |
|
2022 |
|
|
2023 |
|
|
2024 |
|
|
2025 |
|
|
2026 |
|
|
2027 |
|
|
2028 |
|
|
2029 |
|
|
2030 |
|
|
2031 |
|
|
2032 |
|
|
2033 |
|
McArthur River Average Price $USD/lb |
|
|
60 |
|
|
|
60 |
|
|
|
60 |
|
|
|
61 |
|
|
|
61 |
|
|
|
62 |
|
|
|
62 |
|
|
|
62 |
|
|
|
62 |
|
|
|
62 |
|
|
|
62 |
|
|
|
62 |
|
McArthur River Average Price $Cdn/lb |
|
|
73 |
|
|
|
73 |
|
|
|
74 |
|
|
|
74 |
|
|
|
75 |
|
|
|
76 |
|
|
|
75 |
|
|
|
75 |
|
|
|
75 |
|
|
|
75 |
|
|
|
75 |
|
|
|
75 |
|
Notes:
|
|
|
|
(1) |
|
Projected average price is partly based on committed volumes, which are
derived from Camecos current contract portfolio commitments, which extend out to
2028. |
|
(2) |
|
The projected average price is weighted to the proportion of committed and
uncommitted sales volume at the respective committed price and spot price for
each year. |
|
(3) |
|
The average price for purposes of the economic analysis has been converted
from US$ dollars to Cdn$ dollars using a fixed exchange rate of US$0.82 =
Cdn$1.00. |
|
(4) |
|
Camecos sales volume targets assume no interruption in the companys supply
from its production or third party sources. |
|
(5) |
|
The projections are stated in constant 2009 dollars. |
In preparing the cash flow analysis included in Section 18.7.3 of this report, the impact
of Camecos forward uranium sales strategy has been taken into account.
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McARTHUR RIVER OPERATION, NORTHERN SASKATCHEWAN, CANADA
NI 43-101 TECHNICAL REPORT
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|
18.5 |
|
Environmental Considerations |
18.5.1 |
|
Regulatory Framework |
The McArthur River and Key Lake Operations are both considered to be nuclear facilities and
as such, primary regulatory authority resides with the federal government and its agency,
the CNSC. The nuclear industry is a closely regulated industry whereby any significant
change/modification to the process or facility requires prior regulatory approval. The
level of assessment of each potential change or modification depends on the magnitude of
the proposed change. Changes can often require full environment assessments prior to
receiving regulatory approval as per Canadian Environmental Assessment regulations.
Provincial regulatory authority is stipulated in the Surface Lease Agreement between the
province of Saskatchewan and each operation. In numerous situations there is coordination
amongst the federal and provincial regulatory agencies (e.g. Human Resources Development
Canada and Saskatchewan Labour, Environment Canada and Saskatchewan Ministry of
Environment), but each agency retains responsibility for administering its own approvals,
licences and permits where required. The main regulatory agencies that issue permits /
approvals and inspect these operations are: the CNSC, the Mine Safety Unit of Saskatchewan
Ministry of Advanced Education, Employment and Labour and Saskatchewan Ministry of
Environment. Other agencies that have an interest with respect to environmental monitoring
programs and activities that may impact water ways are Environment Canada and Department of
Fisheries and Oceans Canada. Environment Canada, specifically is responsible for
administering the federal Metal Mines Effluent Regulations (MMER) and approves
environmental effects monitoring (EEM) programs required under MMER.
McArthur River Operation
For the McArthur River operation, Cameco holds a Uranium Mine Facility Operating License
from the CNSC and an Approval to Operate Pollutant
Control Facilities and a Permit to Operate Waterworks from Saskatchewan Ministry of
Environment (SMOE). These permits are current. The CNSC licence was renewed for a five
year term in 2008 and expires on October 31, 2013. The SMOE approvals will require renewal
in 2009 as they expire on October 31, 2009.
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McARTHUR RIVER OPERATION, NORTHERN SASKATCHEWAN, CANADA
NI 43-101 TECHNICAL REPORT
|
Key Lake Operation
The Key Lake operation is regulated in a similar manner as the McArthur River operations
and as such has regulatory obligations to both the federal and provincial governments.
Three permits must be maintained to operate the Key Lake uranium mill. Cameco holds a
Uranium Mill Operating Licence from the CNSC and an Approval to Operate Pollutant
Control Facilities and Permit to Operate Waterworks from the SMOE. These permits are
current. The CNSC operating licence was renewed for a five year term in 2008 and expires on
October 31, 2013. The SMOE approvals will require renewal in 2009 as they expire on
November 30, 2009.
Three license conditions were included in the operating license that are associated with
the completion of the molybdenum and selenium in effluent reduction or control process: an
implementation plan for Deilmann TMF slope stabilization; the development of a wasterock
management plan and a schedule for the Deilmann north wasterock pile. The provincial
license expires in November 2009 and the renewal process for that license has been started.
18.5.2 |
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Environmental Assessment History |
The Key Lake and McArthur River operations and all associated infrastructure has been the
subject of several environmental assessments and detailed environmental monitoring
programs.
In regards to the Key Lake operation, the environmental assessment process began in 1979,
when the Key Lake Mining Corporation, a Cameco predecessor, filed an EIS with Federal and
Provincial regulatory agencies. The Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) review was
completed by the Key Lake Board of Inquiry in 1981.
In 1994, a new EIS was filed for the Key Lake Operation that detailed a plan to create a
new tailings storage facility in the existing Deilmann open pit and using a sub-aqueous
tailings deposition and storage program to fill this new facility (Cameco 1994). Approval
for this new approach was obtained in 1995.
In April 1991, the Governments of Saskatchewan and Canada established a Joint Panel to
assess the environmental and public concerns arising out of three non-Cameco related
projects which had filed EISs, and two related Cameco projects, McArthur River and Cigar
Lake, which had filed preliminary project proposals. The members of the Joint Panel were
appointed in August 1991.
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In 1992, as the next step in the environmental assessment process, Cameco filed an EIS for
the McArthur River operation with the regulatory agencies to cover off proposed underground
exploration activities. The Joint Panel reviewed the EIS and in 1993 recommended that the
project be allowed to proceed subject to a series of conditions. All conditions were met
and all underground exploration activities were completed.
In 1995, after undertaking the underground exploration work, Cameco submitted an EIS that
covered the proposed mining activities at McArthur River while also covering the proposed
milling of all McArthur River ore at Key Lake and all associated surface infrastructure. In
1996 an addendum was provided to address a series of questions from the reviewers. Federal
and Provincial approval of the EIS was obtained 1997. With the approval of the project by
the federal and provincial government, Cameco requested and received approval for
construction in 1997.
In 1999, with the completion of construction, the McArthur River operation received both
federal and provincial approvals to operate. Key Lake was also granted approval to receive
and process McArthur River ore and waste rock.
As both McArthur River and Key Lake are nuclear facilities operating under CNSC licenses,
any significant facility changes or amendments to the facility licenses are subject to the
requirements of the Canadian Environmental Assessment Act (CEAA) and all of its
regulations. In Saskatchewan, CEAA activity takes place under the terms of the Saskatchewan
Canada Harmonization Agreement. Under the agreement, projects that require an environmental
assessment by both the Government of Canada and the Government of Saskatchewan undergo a
single assessment, administered cooperatively by both governments.
In 2002, Cameco applied to increase the annual licensed production capacity at both the
McArthur River mine and the Key Lake mill to 22 million pounds U308
per year compared to the current annual licensed production capacity of 18.7 million pounds
U308. This application has been undergoing a screening level
environmental assessment (EA) under the Canadian Environmental Assessment Act (CEAA), with
the CNSC as the responsible authority. The EA was delayed due to discussions with the CNSC
regarding how to address local accumulation of molybdenum and trace amounts of selenium in
the Key Lake mill downstream environment.
If Cameco receives approval for the increased production limit, Cameco expects that annual
production will range between current levels and 20 million pounds until such time as
revitalization is completed at Key Lake. Annual production
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levels after mill revitalization are expected to be largely dependent on mine production.
As such, Cameco anticipates it will be a number of years before it can achieve the
sustainable rate at these operations.
Cameco has developed an action plan to modify the effluent treatment process to reduce
concentrations of molybdenum and selenium discharged to the environment. The CNSC facility
operating licence includes a condition for the Key Lake mill to implement this action plan.
Pursuant to this action plan Cameco has been proceeding to modify the mill effluent
treatment process in order to reduce molybdenum and selenium levels to very low
concentrations. The project, originally planned to be complete in the first part of 2008,
experienced difficulties in commissioning that have subsequently required further project
changes. Cameco now expects this project to be completed and the new process changes
optimized in the first half of 2009. Plans for the first quarter of 2009 include completing
mechanical modifications and equipment commissioning necessary to increase circuit
availability to greater than 80%. Cameco plans to update the CNSC in April 2009 with
respect to the indicative performance of the molybdenum and selenium removal circuit.
Depending on the relative success of this project in reducing molybdenum and selenium
concentrations in the Key Lake mill effluent, further work identified in the action plan
referred to in the licence condition may or may not be required.
The EA for the increased licence capacity is pending demonstration of the effectiveness of
the process to reduce concentrations of molybdenum and selenium. Cameco expects that
reducing the current level of these metals will help advance this EA.
18.5.3 |
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Significant Environmental Issues |
Tailings Management
There are two tailings management facilities at the Key Lake site. One is an above-ground
impoundment with tailings stored within compacted till embankments. This facility,
constructed in 1983, has not received tailings since 1996. Cameco is reviewing several
decommissioning options regarding this facility.
The other tailings management facility (TMF) is located within the Deilmann pit, which was
mined out in the 1990s. Tailings deposition in the Deilmann TMF began in early 1996, using
a staged subaerial/subaqueous deposition mode with an initial pervious sand envelope
constructed around the perimeter of the pit.
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The sand envelope was designed to allow excess water to drain to a drainage blanket
underlying the tailings at the bottom of the pit and then to dewatering pumps in a raise
well connected by a drift to the drainage blanket. At the end of 1998, approval was
received from the CNSC and Saskatchewan Environment Resource Management to cease
construction of the sand envelope and convert the mode of tailings deposition from
subaerial to subaqueous. This is in accordance with the environmental impact statement
prepared and approved for this TMF. Conversion started immediately. Flooding of this TMF
commenced in June 1999.
Tailings from processing McArthur River ore are deposited in the Deilmann TMF.
In February of 2009, Cameco received regulatory approval for the deposition of tailings to
a moderately higher elevation in the Deilmann TMF. At current production rates, the
approved capacity of the Deilmann TMF increases from five years to approximately eight
years, assuming only minor storage capacity losses due to sloughing (or erosion) from the
pit walls.
Cameco also initiated technical pre-feasibility work to secure long-term tailings capacity
at Key Lake that will be sufficient to hold all tailings generated from processing of
McArthur River Mineral Reserves as well as substantial additional capacity to allow for
other potential sources of production. This tailings option study is considering the
feasibility of further extending the capacity of the Deilmann TMF and options for new
tailings management facilities. Cameco expects to submit a project description to
regulatory agencies in 2009 that will initiate the environmental assessment process for
securing long-term tailings capacity at Key Lake.
With respect to the ongoing operation of the Deilmann TMF, Cameco has performed several
studies to better understand the pitwall sloughing mechanism and initiated engineering work
to design and build mitigation measures for prevention of sloughing. Sloughing has
occurred in the past at the Deilmann TMF resulting in the loss of approved capacity.
Although the situation has recently stabilized as a result of stabilizing the water level
in the pit, there is a risk of further sloughing at the Deilmann TMF.
McArthur River Waste Rock Disposal
At the McArthur River Operation, ore and waste rock are managed in contained facilities.
Waste rock generated from underground activities is classified as clean,
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mineralized, or potentially acid generating, and transported on-site to its appropriate
storage location. The mineralized waste rock is transferred to a lined storage pad where it
is later placed in covered haul trucks for shipment to Key Lake. At the Key Lake operation
the mineralized waste rock is placed on a lined pad where it is later used for blending
with the McArthur River ore slurry prior to processing in the mill.
Key Lake Special Waste Disposal
Mineralized waste rock generated from the historical mining activities of Key Lake is
referred to as special waste. There are two stockpiles of this special waste material: the
Deilmann special waste and the Gaertner special waste stockpiles. Material generated from
the mining of the Deilmann pit is called Deilmann special waste and the material generated
from the mining of the Gaertner pit is called Gaertner special waste. Both stockpiles are
stored on above ground lined pads. Deilmann and Gaertner special wastes are presently being
used for blending with McArthur River ore. Performance of the Deilmann special waste pad
liner has been of regulatory concern, and commitments have been made to have the special
waste removed by 2013. The majority of this material will have been used as blend material
to manage the mill head grade or otherwise relocated to alternate storage areas.
Environmental Effects Monitoring
Although there are some general temporary disturbances to wildlife, the primary influences
on the environment from both the McArthur River and Key Lake operations are associated with
the releases of treated effluent generated from their operation. To a lesser extent, air
emissions and airborne particulate material are also capable of potentially influencing the
environment.
Comprehensive environmental monitoring programs are in place at the McArthur River and Key
Lake operations to determine the full extent and nature of any environmental effects taking
place within the sphere of influence of these facilities. The most significant component of
this monitoring is the Environmental Effects Monitoring (EEM) program that Cameco performs
and is required under its operating licenses. The EEM includes the monitoring of water,
fish health, benthic invertebrate monitoring, sediment, fish tissue, plants and animals. It
is designed to incorporate the requirements of Environment Canadas Metal Mines Effluent
Regulations, CNSC requirements and SMOE requirements. In general terms, the environmental
monitoring programs have shown that the environmental effects are generally in line with
the predictions contained within
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the previously completed environmental assessments. The only significant variances, between
what is taking place with what was previously predicted, involves the effects that certain
dissolved metals (primarily molybdenum and selenium) appear to be having on the aquatic
receiving environment at both the Key Lake and McArthur River operations. It appears that
molybdenum and selenium present in the effluent streams are creating a small incremental
increase in risk to select valued ecosystem components. It should be noted, however that
this incremental change is not expected to cause additional environmental affects beyond
those incurred at current operating conditions.
Effluent Quality
Treated effluent from the Key Lake operation is discharged to Wolf Lake and flows through
the David Creek system. The David Creek system from the effluent discharge location, in
order, consists of: Wolf Lake, Fox Lake, Yak Creek, David Creek, Unknown Lake, Pyrite Creek
and Delta Lake. Delta Lake discharges into the Wheeler River, which flows to Russell Lake.
Russell Lake receives flow from both the mine dewatering discharge and the ongoing mill
effluent discharge.
At the Key Lake operation, molybdenum and selenium originate from ore processing.
Environmental monitoring has shown that concentrations of molybdenum and selenium in Wolf
Lake, Yak Creek, David Creek (downstream of Yak Creek) and Pyrite Creek have begun to
exceed their water quality guideline values for these two metals. Molybdenum and selenium
concentrations exceeded the guideline values in Delta Lake and Delta Lake outflow. In the
Wheeler River, downstream of David Creek, molybdenum and selenium concentrations were
comparable to background concentrations.
On 15 December 2006, Cameco submitted the Key Lake Operation Action Plan for Selenium
and Molybdenum, which detailed the efforts to be made to limit the potential risk to the
environment from releases of selenium and molybdenum from the Key Lake mill effluent
treatment system. Phase I of this plan included adding a low pH iron precipitation and
solid removal stage to the effluent treatment circuit. Phase II of the plan included
increasing the amount of contaminated water treated by the RO plant in order to decrease
the volume of water sent to the mill effluent treatment. Phase II would not see any direct
reduction in effluent concentration, but would show reduced loading due to reduced flows.
Phase III of the plan included re-evaluating the current split mine/mill effluent strategy.
In 2007, CNSC granted authorization for Cameco to proceed with Phase I and Phase II of the
Action Plan.
At Key Lake, commissioning of equipment installed to reduce concentrations of selenium and
molybdenum discharged to the environment was underway in the
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second quarter of 2008. Initial results show significant reductions in the
concentration of molybdenum and some reduction in selenium. Further design work and
modifications are required to optimize the system. This work is scheduled to continue into
early 2009.
Regarding the McArthur River operation, recently performed environmental monitoring and
risk assessment work indicates that current effluent concentrations of molybdenum,
selenium, uranium, and cadmium entering the downstream aquatic receiving environment may
potentially adversely affect muskrat populations in approximately 30 to 50 years time. At
their 25 January 2007 meeting with the CNSC (CNSC, 2007), Cameco committed to investigate
the use of membrane filtration technologies to lower the concentrations of all of the
potentially effecting substances.
Not withstanding the review of membrane technology, optimization of existing treatments
systems has been ongoing, resulting in increased Mo and U removal efficiencies.
18.5.4 |
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Corporate Environmental Commitment |
Cameco has made a corporate commitment to a clean environment and achieving environmental
leadership. In 2007, Cameco set the objectives of developing and began implementing
strategies and action plans at all of Camecos business operations to significantly reduce
impacts to air, water and land, and to reduce energy consumption and waste. To accomplish
these objectives, Cameco has made a significant investment of resources and has established
an environmental leadership department, with a mandate to drive environmental performance
improvements in all operating locations. Environmental leadership specialists have been
assigned to both Key Lake and McArthur River to drive their improvement plans. Work has
also begun on environmental leadership scorecards for all business locations to improve and
enable consistent monitoring, tracking and reporting on progress.
18.5.5 |
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Decommissioning and Reclamation |
In 2003, Preliminary Decommissioning Plans (PDPs) for both the Key Lake (Cameco, 2003a) and
McArthur River operations (Cameco, 2003b) were prepared by Cameco and approved of by both
the CNSC and SMOE. The estimated cost of implementing these PDPs resulted in production of
two other associated documents called preliminary decommissioning cost estimates (PDCEs)
for both Key Lake (Cameco, 2003c) and McArthur River operations (Cameco, 2003d). Financial
assurances to cover the 2003 PDCEs for McArthur River and for Key Lake operations were
posted with SMOE in the form of
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irrevocable standby letters of credit (LOC). In 2008, as part of the CNSC license renewal
process, these documents underwent extensive review and revision to capture any changes in
decommissioning liabilities over the review period. Based on the total estimated
decommissioning costs presented and approved in these PDCEs by both the CNSC and SMOE,
Cameco has increased the LOCs posted with the Province of Saskatchewan to $120.7M and
$36.1M for decommissioning the Key Lake and McArthur River operations, respectively.These
financial assurances represent 100% of the total estimated costs and not Camecos share of
such costs.
The preliminary decommissioning plans and cost estimates were developed as per the CNSC
guide documents (G-219, Decommissioning Planning for Licensed Activities, 2000 and G-206,
Financial Guarantees for the Decommissioning of Licensed Activities, 2000). The increases
reflect changes to the facilities, the significant increase in costs associated with
current market conditions in western Canada and the allowance for an escalation factor over
the next 5-year review period.
The reviews are triggered when the licenses are renewed at the federal level, or at least
every five years as per provincial requirements. This systematic update and review of
previous decommissioning plans is designed to capture all changes to known liabilities and
improvements in decommissioning as an operation matures.
18.5.6 |
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Known Environmental Liabilities |
The core generic estimates and assumptions made in mine and mill site decommissioning plans
which are considered to have the greatest impact on cost to complete the work are as
follows:
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Correct understanding of the geochemical and geotechnical properties of waste
materials these properties are used to provide long-term performance modelling
estimates of the wastes, and are key to regulatory acceptance of detailed
decommissioning plans. |
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Degree of required isolation of waste rock piles from leaching by precipitation
and groundwater transport. |
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Degree of required isolation of tailings from leaching by precipitation and
groundwater transport. |
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Correct length of any forecasted pump and treat period needed to generate
acceptable contaminant flux rates from tailings and waste rock. |
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Negotiated contaminant loading and concentration limits, along with locations
where these criteria apply. |
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Cost of deconstruction of surface facilities. |
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Magnitude of groundwater contamination generated underneath surface facilities
during the operating phase that require remediation prior to site release. |
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Decommissioning phase environmental assessment costs along with post-release
performance verification monitoring costs. |
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Correct assumptions regarding the degree of institutional control required for
the post-decommissioned site ranging from ongoing perpetual care and
maintenance to totally passive controls |
Listed below is a description of site-specific assumptions built into the PDPs and PDCEs
which are the subject of this technical report.
All known environmental liabilities associated with the McArthur River Operation are
discussed in the McArthur River Operation Preliminary Decommissioning Plan (Cameco, 2008a).
The PDPs are conceptual in design and detail. They are developed to address known
environmental liabilities of the facility at that time in a decommission tomorrow
scenario, such that reasonable financial assurance requirements for the benefit of the
Crown can be defined. This does not preclude formal regulatory processes which are followed
prior to implementing actual decommissioning. Therefore it is possible that following such
final approval processes, the liabilities understood in the PDPs, may vary significantly
from the final approved decommissioning. This uncertainty is addressed through the
conservatism built into the PDCEs and the regulatory acceptance process. In general, the
significant liabilities associated with the McArthur River operation are accounted for in
the PDCE (Cameco 2008a) are as follows:
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Underground facilities and surface shaft installation. The main long term
liabilities are primarily from a safety perspective are the capping of the shaft
collars. Environmentally there are limited liabilities associated with potential
soil contamination, addressed with removal and disposal underground. |
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Ancillary facilities such as the shop/office complex, slurry loadout, water
treatment plant and residence. Environmental liabilities are associated with
potential soil and ground water contamination. These are addressed |
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by removal of contaminated materials and disposal underground, or if
appropriate at the Key Lake operations tailings facility (Deilmann TMF). |
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Mineralized waste and special waste rock piles. The long term environmental
liability associated with these piles is ground water contamination. This would be
mitigated in the decommission tomorrow scenario through underground disposal. |
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Clean waste rock piles and drumlin material from past shaft collaring
excavations. The long term environmental liability associated with these piles is
erosion impacting surface waters (muskeg) in their immediate area. This is
addressed by contouring and stabilizing these piles natural vegetation. |
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